Pastoral Relationship with People with Intellectual ... - Theses

72The emphasis on the socially causative effect on the individual has, forsupporters of the Social model, appropriately undermined “the authority ofmedical construction, and the notion that disability is an ‘illness’ which can behealed, or at least ameliorated, through health technologies and practices.” 172Gleeson critiques this model in terms of the extent to which itdisembodies the human form from the shaping of social experience. As he states,“we must not abandon and neglect the critical fact that it plays a foundational, ifhistorically and spatially specific, role in the constitution of human society.” 173Similarly, Shakespeare, amongst various criticisms, critiques this model for itsreference to a narrow group of physical impairments, thus neglecting the narrativeof people with intellectual disability. He also admonishes the authors of this modelfor focusing so much on the disabling effects of society, out of the desire todisown medical conceptualisations, that they risk rejecting the embodied andproblematic nature of impairment. 1742.3.5.3 The Socio/Rights-Based ModelThe emergence of disability advocacy groups in the United States andEurope in the 1960s followed the silencing of people born with a disability in theearlier decades of the twentieth century, both through domestic concealment andinstitutionalisation. Both responses were generated by those born with and livingwith disability being widely regarded as objects of shame, non-productive interms of function, and pathological in nature. This shame-based objectifying ofpeople with a disability extended to the families of children born with a disabilitywho were branded with shame through association. 175 The emergence ofdisability rights activism in the 1960s was accompanied by the emergence ofsocially active young people with physical disabilities who grew up believing in172 Gleeson, Geographies of Disability, 20. Here Gleeson is summarising the position ofOliver, Michael. Understanding Disability: From Theory to Practice. 2nd ed. London andNew York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.Gleeson does state that Oliver is not endorsing the Structuralist model.173 ibid., 20.174 Shakespeare, Tom. "The Social Model of Disability." In The Disability Studies Reader,edited by Lennard Davis, 266-73. (New York and London: Routledge, 2010), 269-70.175 Eiesland, Nancy. "Barriers and Bridges: Relating the Disability Rights Movement andReligious Organizations." In Human Disability and the Service of God: ReassessingReligious Practice, edited by Nancy Eiesland and Don Saliers, 200-29. (Nashville: AbingdonPress, 1998), 202.