DK2985_C000 1..28 - AlSharqia Echo Club

5Quantitative EchocardiographyJEAN BUITHIEUMcGill University, Montreal, CanadaANDRÉ Y. DENAULTUniversity of Montreal, Montreal, CanadaI. M-Mode and Two-Dimensional Imaging 90A. Edge Recognition 90B. Timing 90C. Referencing Centroids 91D. Centerline Method 92E. Measurements and Calculations 931. M-Mode 932. Two-Dimensional Measurements 94F. Chamber Dimensions, VolumeCalculations, Ejection Fraction 1011. The Modified Simpson’s BiplaneMethod 1032. The Single Plane Area–LengthMethod 1033. Ejection Fraction 103G. Global Function 1041. Fractional Shortening 1042. Ejection Fraction 1043. Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output, andCardiac Index 1054. Systolic Time Intervals 105H. Fractional Area Change 105I. Circumferential Fiber Shortening 106J. Wall Thickness, Mass, Stress 1061. The ASE–Devereux Method 1072. Wall Stress 107II. Doppler 108A. Blood Flow 108B. Conservation of Energy Principle andPressure Difference (Gradient) 108C. Estimation of Intracardiac Pressures 1101. Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure 1102. Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure 1103. Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure 1114. Pulmonary Artery and RightVentricular (End)-Diastolic Pressure 1125. Right Atrial Pressure 1126. Left Ventricular End-DiastolicPressure 1127. Left Atrial Pressure 113D. Volumetric Flow Calculations 1131. Hydraulic Principle 1132. Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output 1153. The Principle of Conservation ofMass and the Continuity Equation 116E. Valvular Areas 1161. Valvular Areas by the ContinuityEquation Method 1162. Valvular Areas by the PressureHalftime Method 116F. Proximal Flow Convergence (ProximalIsovelocity Surface Area) 117G. Regurgitant Volumes and Fractions 118H. Shunt Fractions 118III. Conclusion 119References 11989