DK2985_C000 1..28 - AlSharqia Echo Club

Segmental Ventricular Function and Ischemia 163(A)(B)LARALVBALMALRVALBISASMISA(C)(D)BIMIAILALVAMAAABA(E)(F)LADRCALCXLAAoBILMILALLVRVBASAMASASFigure 8.7 Mid-esophageal views to evaluate right and left ventricular function: four-chamber (A, B), two-chamber (C, D) and longaxis (E, F) views (A, apex; AA, apical anterior; AI, apical inferior; AL, apical lateral; Ao, aorta; AS, apical septal; BA, basal anterior;BAL, basal anterolateral; BAS, basal anteroseptal; BI, basal inferior; BIL, basal inferolateral; BIS, basal inferoseptal; LA, left atrium;LAD, left anterior descending; LCX, left circumflex artery; LV, left ventricle; MA, mid-anterior; MAL, mid-anterolateral;MAS, mid-anteroseptal; MI, mid-inferior; MIL, mid-inferolateral; MIS, mid-inferoseptal; RA, right atrium; RCA, right coronaryartery; RV, right ventricle).ejection fraction is equal to the difference between theend-diastolic and end-systolic volumes divided by theend-diastolic volume, multiplied by 100. The area–length method to calculate volume uses the short-axisarea of the LV from the transgastric mid-papillaryshort-axis view and the length of the LV measured inthe mid-esophageal four-chamber view. One limitationof these volumetric methods is that the ventricularcavity is often foreshortened with TEE resulting in anunderestimation of left ventricular volume. The multiplediameter method is a nonvolumetric approach to thedetermination of ejection fraction which is particularlysuitable for TEE as it does not require tracing of the endocardialcontour or volume determinations. This method,previously described and validated with transthoracicechocardiography (TTE), allows determination of the