DK2985_C000 1..28 - AlSharqia Echo Club

570 IndexAortic aneurysmclassification, 271frequency and distribution, 271Aortic arch, 264–265epiaortic probe imaging, 269and right pulmonary arterytransverse plane transtrachealimage, 151upper esophageal view, 79, 267Aortic atheromatosisassessment techniques, 270classification, 263Aortic atheromatous diseasedetection, 565Aortic atherosclerosis, 266–270cardiac surgery, 266–270echocardiographic findings, 270Aortic cannulaaortic mid-esophageal view, 293Aortic cuspsmid-esophageal short-axis view, 333Aortic dilationaneurysms, 270–272Aortic dissection, 268, 272–279, 295, 560acute, 274, 278aortic intramural hematoma, 278–279ascendingmid-esophageal long-axis view, 276associated complications, 277–278classification, 274–276, 278clinical background, 272–274computed tomography scan, 294diagnosis, 277femoral arterial cannula, 304imaging modalities and diagnosticaccuracy, 276–277low esophageal long-axis view, 276Aortic hematomamid-esophageal short-axis view, 280Aortic injuryshort and long-axis view, 281Aortic prosthesistransesophageal echocardiogram, 373Aortic pseudoaneurysm, 518Aortic regurgitation, 349, 371echocardiographic and Dopplerparameters, 359etiology, 349–350mid-esophageal view, 196mitral valve fluttering, 206periprosthetic, 374qualitative parameter, 358quantification, 350–359CW Doppler and pressure halftime,356–357effective regurgitant orifice, 354–356flow reversal, 352jet height/LVOT height, 350–352regurgitant fraction, 352–354short-axis jet area/LVOT area, 352vena contract, 356–357quantitative parameter, 358application, 360surgical indications, 364, 365Aortic rootmid-esophageal long-axis view, 332Aortic stenosis (AS), 215, 334–340aortic valve, 85bicuspiddilatation aortic, 340cardiac surgery, 344etiology, 334–338mid-esophageal long-axis view, 341quantitative assessment, 338–349aortic valve area, 342–349flow velocity ratio, 342M-mode, 342–349pressure gradient, 338–342surgical indications, 364Aortic valve, 85, 329–360anatomy, 329–334anomaly, 546–547aortic regurgitation, 85aortic stenosis, 85basal short-axis view, 82basal transgastric longitudinalview, 356basal transgastric view, 339bicuspid, 352, 546congenital aortic valve stenosis, 546bicuspid bi-commissural, 335bicuspid unicommissural, 334bioprosthesis endocarditis, 366classification, 348closure, 322congenital anomalies, 331–332Doppler interrogation, 34echocardiographic imaging, 332–334long-axis view, 351mid-esophagealfive-chamber view, 337long axis view, 347, 353M-mode view, 349short-axis spilt screen view, 355short-axis view, 331, 339, 345,346, 350normal anatomy, 329–331off-axis view, 337replacement, 275, 292, 297, 354, 367,368, 372, 376, 378, 393algorithm evaluation, 379left ventricular outflow tractobstruction, 207mid-esophageal long-axis view, 411surgical indications, 363stenosis, 350acquired, 334–336asymptomatic patients, 363–364cardiac surgery patients, 364–365surgical indications, 363–365symptomatic patents, 364surgeryavoiding patient-prosthesismismatch, 365–368echocardiography, 369–377cardiopulmonary bypass, 370before operation, 369–370postoperative period, 377–380left ventricular dysfunctionpatients, 368–369operation type, 365perioperative evaluation, 363–380TEE role, 380surgical anatomical view, 158Apical aneurysmmid-esophageal four-chamberview, 180Apical ball thrombus, 177Apical VSDmid-esophageal four-chamberview, 174transgastric view, 173Array configurations, 43Arterial cannulation, 302–304Arterial cardiopulmonary bypasspressure-areaarterial and left ventricular, 307Arteries, 72–77transposition, 549–550Artifacts, 37, 121–129Ascending aorta, 86, 263aortic dissection, 303linear artifacts, 122mid-esophageal long-axisview, 76, 242, 262, 264reverberation, 122upper esophageal short-axisview, 100Ascending aortic aneurysmmid-esophageal long axis and upperesophageal short-axis view, 272Ascending aortic dissectionmid-esophageal long-axis view, 276Atherosclerotic ascending aortasurgical strategy, 280–282Atrial appendages, 498Atrial cavityleft atrial myxoma, 505Atrial reversal (AR), 73, 86Atrial septal aneurysm, 503Atrial septal defect, 144, 321,526–528, 527mid-esophageal view, 407bicaval, 518Atrial septumleft atrium, 67lipomatous hypertrophy, 132