DK2985_C000 1..28 - AlSharqia Echo Club

Index 573Echocardiographic parametersfluid loading, 190Echocardiographyindications, 559patent foramen ovale, 530Echo-free spaces, 133–135Echogenic material, 457Echo machineshigh-PRF, 30Echo train, 13Effective regurgitant orifice, 403Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 349Ejection fraction, 103–104mitral annular motionrelationship, 186Ejection fraction (EF)calculation, 105Electrical safety, 144Electrocardiogram (ECG), 90volume and pressurerelationship, 187Electrocauter artifact, 128Electrocautery, 127Electron, 41Electronic scanning and phasingdifferences, 49Embryological remnants, 498Endocarditis, 388–390, 560–561abscesses, 389–390Duke criteria, 389intravenous drug user, 519pneumococcal meningitis, 520vegetation, 389Energy conservation principleand pressure difference, 108–110Epiaortic scanning, 265–266Epicardial fat, 246Epinephrine, 300Equipment, 141–155biological effects, 141–144contraindications, 146health personnel concerns, 155patient evaluation beforeprocedure, 144–146contraindications, 146indications, 144–145and personnel, 144Esophageal intubation, 149–151Eustachian valve, 132–133, 134cor triatriatum sinister, 544mid-esophageal view, 499Extracardiac masses, 512Extraskeletal osteosarcomas, 510–511Fallot tetralogy, 541–542, 548–549False tendons, 129–130Fiberoptic laryngoscopeTEE probe, 151Fibromas, 505Flow mapping, 31Flow patternscolor, 36Flow profiles, 35Fluid loadinghemodynamic parameters, 190Focusing, 45–49Food and Drug Administration, 315Foreign bodiesdetection, 564Fractional area change, 105–106measurement, 107Fractional shortening (FS), 104calculation, 105Frame ratewidth, 19Fraunhofer zone, 46Frequency, 137Frequency shiftvelocity range, 27Fresnel zone, 46Gain, 136–137Gain control, 16Ghosting, 124artifacts, 124phenomenon, 123Global functionleft ventricularassessment, 306stroke volumecardiac output, and cardiacindex, 105systolic changes, 162–165Global systolic ventricularfunction, 165–167Global ventricular functionand hemodynamics, 185–212Glutaraldehyde exposition, 155Goretex anterior leaflet prolapseAlferi operation, 444Goretex chords, 443–444papillary muscle shortening, 444resection, 444Goretex chords, 443–444Gradient evaluation, 432Graft patencyevaluation, 565Great arteriestransposition, 549–550Great vesselsupper esophageal view, 67Harmonic imaging principle, 53Health personnel concerns, 155Heartfibrous skeleton, 333lipomatous infiltration, 500–502man-made objects, 517movementsschematic representation, 92noncardiac neoplasms, 511–512two-dimensional four-chamberview, 53Heart transplantation, 471–480bicaval orthotopicbiatrial technique, 472normal echocardiographicprofile, 477–478Heart valvesystole and diastole atriaremoved, 330Hemangiomas, 508Hematomachamber compression, 250–251Hemochromatosis, 238Hemodynamic(s)and global ventricular function,185–212Hemodynamic disturbances, 557patients, 563Hemodynamic parametersfluid loading, 190Hepatic disorders, 493Hepatic vein, 86lower esophageal view, 74Hepatic venous flow (HVF), 36, 478Hepatopulmonary syndrometransesophagealechocardiography, 493Human soft tissue ultrasoundvelocity, 25Hydraulic principle, 113Hypertension and hemodynamicderangementcauses, 201–209Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 215–227anatomical features, 216clinical features, 216echocardiographic features, 218–223diastolic function, 222–223Doppler and color flowimaging, 221–222M-mode and 2-D imaging, 218–221epidemiology, 215–216monitoring therapy, 223–227obstructive, 343, 560–561outflow tract obstructionpathophysiology, 216–218Hypertrophic septal cardiomyopathymid-esophageal long-axis view, 217Hypertrophy, 223Hypocalcemia, 492Hypoglycemia, 492Hypoplastic left heartmid-esophageal, 551