DK2985_C000 1..28 - AlSharqia Echo Club

Index 577Positive-end expiratory pressure(PEEP), 299Positive inotropic drugs, 300Positive-pressure expirationtruncated mid-esophagealfour-chamber view, 488Positive-pressure ventilationDoppler transmitral flow, 296Posterior leafletinverted flow, 442mid-esophageal four-chamberview, 391sliding pasty, 441Posterior leaflet prolapse, 441–442Posterior mitral valve leaflets, 394Posterior tricuspid leafletsmid-esophageal view, 451Posteromedial papillary musclerupture, 175, 399Preload assessment, 306–308Pressurecardiac chambers and great vessels, 83Pressure half-timecontinuous-wave Doppler, 423factors affecting, 410mitral stenosis, 410valvular areas, 116–117Pressure–volume relationshipafterload, 190–191contractility and ventricularperformance, 191–192normal right and left ventricularfunction, 186–192preload, 187–190Primary cardiac neoplasm, 503Probe maintenance, 154–155Prophylaxis planification, 146–147Prosthesisball-in-cage, 424Prosthetic color Doppler flow, 137Prosthetic mitral valve replacement, 179Prosthetic regurgitation, 421–423Prosthetic valvearea, 421bileafletdysfunction, 466bileaflet mechanicalmid-esophageal pressuregradient, 422dysfunction, 435effective orifice area, 369physiologic regurgitation, 135–136Protamine, 309Provocative testing, 405Proximal ascending aortaupper esophageal view, 77Proximal flow acceleration convergencezone, 38Proximal flow convergence, 117–118Proximal isovelocity surface area,401–403Pseudoaneurysmantero-basal left ventricular, 180aortic, 518cardiac transplantation, 479left ventricularantero-basal, 180Pulmonary artery, 87pressure, 111–112and right ventricular diastolicpressure, 112stenotic anastomosisquantification, 486systolic pressure, 110Pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure(PAEDP), 113Pulmonary embolectomy, 564Pulmonary hypertension, 210cardiopulmonary bypass, 425midsystolic pulmonary valve closure,206–209Pulmonary regurgitationechocardiographic and Dopplerparametersevaluation, 462grading, 462Pulmonary stenosis, 540–541Pulmonary thromboembolism, 209–211Pulmonary vascular anastomosis, 482Pulmonary vein, 86Pulmonary venous flow (PVF), 398changes, 405S-wave, 169Pulmonic valve (PV), 80, 85–86,447–467disease, 459–460endocarditis, 450–458abscesses, 455–458vegetation, 455–458mitral valve replacement, 460pulmonic regurgitation, 85pulmonic stenosis, 85–86right ventriculostomy, 449transverse view, 459Pulsatile blood pumps, 319–326Pulse, 12Pulsed Doppler wave characteristics, 18Pulsed ultrasoundparameters, 17Pulsed wave (PW), 32technology, 30Pulsed-wave Doppler, 27–30, 33examination, 489interrogation, 73, 84LUPV, 70PA, 85PV, 85transmitral valve flow, 191signal, 79aliasing, 125TMF, 166, 168Pulse repetition frequency (PRF), 18, 25Quadrangular resection, 441Quadricuspid valve, 336Quantitative echocardiography, 89–119Range ambiguity, 125–126Reduced urine output, 492Refraction, 7, 8, 126–127Refraction phenomenon, 9Regional left ventricular functionassessment, 306Regurgitant aortic valvecontinuous-wave Dopplerinterrogation, 357Regurgitant pressure half-time, 358Regurgitant volume, 403–404and fractions, 118Relative ultrasound intensity, 10Residual duct flowassessment, 565Resolutiontypes, 51Restrictive and infiltrativecardiomyopathy, 234–238clinical findings, 234–235definition, 234echocardiographic features,235–236Restrictive cardiomyopathyconstrictive pericarditis, 257and constrictive pericarditisdifferences, 236–237Retrocardiac inhomogenous massleft atrium, 514Revascularizationmid-esophageal short-axis view, 143normal diastolic function, 170Reverberation, 37, 121–123ascending aorta, 122Rhabdomyomas, 505Rhabdomyosarcomas, 510Rheumatic heart disease, 406Rheumatic valve disease,458–459inflammatory valvulopathies, 458Rheumatoid valve disease, 390Right atrial angiosarcomamid-esophageal view, 510Right atrial appendagemid-esophageal long-axis view, 70Right atrial collapse, 250Right atrial pressure (RAP), 112echocardiographic estimation, 113