5.2. plWordNet at Three 173‘pseudo-intellectual’, bęcwał ‘dolt’, głupol ‘dunderhead’,głupi ‘stupid’, głupek ‘booby’, idiota ‘idiot’, przymuł‘(no equivalent)’, muł ‘mule’ ,przygłup ‘half-wit’, cymbał‘chuckle-head’, ciemna masa ‘rabble’, trąba ‘dummy’, imbecyl‘imbecile’, tuman ‘twit’, bałwan ‘dimwit’, półgłówek ‘blockhead’,błazen ‘fool’, debil ‘retard’, dureń ‘bonehead’, klown ‘clown’,kretyn ‘cretin’, pajac ‘buffoon’, analfabeta ‘illiterate’, cep‘lunkhead’} 5In <strong>the</strong> case of <strong>the</strong> verbal part, <strong>the</strong> largest created synset contains a lot metaphoricaldescriptions:{ umrzeć ‘die’, skonać ‘perish’, dokonać żywota ‘end one’s days’,dokonać życia ‘end one’s life’, wyzionąć ducha ‘give up <strong>the</strong>ghost’, rozstać się z życiem ‘part with one’s life’, pożegnać sięz życiem ‘bid farewell to one’s life’, pożegnać się ze światem‘bid farewell to <strong>the</strong> world’, zakończyć życie ‘end one’s life’,przenieść się na łono Abrahama ‘move to <strong>the</strong> bosom of Abraham’,zemrzeć ‘die’, przenieść się na tamten świat ‘move to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rworld’, przenieść się do wieczności ‘move to eternity’, przenieśćsię do lepszego świata ‘move to <strong>the</strong> better world’, zasnąć na wieki‘go to sleep forever’, zasnąć snem wiecznym ‘sleep eternal sleep’}Finally, <strong>the</strong> largest adjectival synset contains highly emotionally marked adjectives:{fantastyczny ‘fantastic’, niepospolity ‘outstanding’, rewelacyjny‘sensational’, zdumiewający ‘amazing’, wyjątkowy ‘exceptional’,niesamowity ‘incredible’, świetny ‘splendid’, niezwykły ‘unusual’,duży ‘great’, znakomity ‘superb’, kapitalny ‘brilliant’, wspaniały‘magnificent’, wyśmienity ‘≈excellent’}All three largest synsets represent specific types of <strong>the</strong> language usage. The nominaland adjectival include LUs of very imprecise meaning, conveying more emotionalmeaning <strong>the</strong>n descriptive. The verbal one groups LUs of quite precise meaning, butrefers <strong>the</strong> topic that people avoid naming directly.However, when we take a look at several smaller, but still large, nominal synsets,we can notice that <strong>the</strong>ir construction is not based on as simple rule as <strong>the</strong> largestsynsets, for example:5 This group can be translated into English in hundreds of ways. What you see is an educated guess.
174 Chapter 5. Polish WordNet Today and Tomorrow{bok ‘side’, krawędź ‘edge’, skraj ‘brink’, kraj ‘brink’, kant‘edge’, brzeg ‘margin’, obrzeże ‘margin’}{dobra strona ‘good side’, plus ‘plus’, cnota ‘virtue’, walor‘value’, pozytyw ‘positive’, przymiot ‘attribute’, wartość‘value’, zaleta ‘advantage’}{finanse ‘finances’, fundusz ‘fund’, kapitał ‘capital’, budżet‘budget’, środki finansowe ‘financial means’, fundusze ‘funds’}{grób ‘grave’, mogiła ‘grave’, grobowiec ‘thomb’, nagrobek‘gravestone’, miejsce pochówku ‘place of burial’}{istota ‘essence’, sens ‘sens’, sedno ‘core’, główne zagadnienie‘main issue’, meritum ‘crux’, kwintensencja ‘quintessence’, jądro‘gist’}{nierozdzielność ‘inseparability’, nierozerwalność‘indissolubility’, jednolitość ‘uniformity’, spoistość‘cohesiveness’, nierozłączność ‘inseparability’, jedność ‘unity’,spójność ‘cohession’}The verbal and adjectival synsets are more diverse in size (Table 5.5), but it shouldbe emphasised that <strong>the</strong> verbal part has been only expanded a little, and <strong>the</strong> adjectivalpart is <strong>the</strong> same as in <strong>the</strong> core plWordNet. The numbers of synsets and LUs are muchsmaller than for <strong>the</strong> nominal part, so a lot of <strong>the</strong> more specific LUs have not beenadded yet.Percentage of lemmas belonging to <strong>the</strong> n synsets [%]1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ≥ 10Nouns 76.70 17.68 3.88 1.08 0.38 0.18 0.07 0.03 0.00 0.00Verbs 79.41 14.87 4.03 1.23 0.29 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Adjectives 72.99 15.90 6.56 2.66 1.10 0.08 0.23 0.15 0.15 0.18Table 5.6: The number of synsets to which a lemma belongsTable 5.6 presents a more detailed picture of <strong>the</strong> lemma polysemy. The numbers ofmonosemous lemmas appear in Table 5.3. Here <strong>the</strong>y are expressed as <strong>the</strong> percentagesin <strong>the</strong> first column. It is worth noticing that <strong>the</strong> percentage of monosemous nominallemmas is lower than for <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two categories, in contrast with <strong>the</strong> much higher
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