A Wordnet from the Ground Up

32 Chapter 2. Building a Wordnet Core4. element of a collection: tree → forest, {kula, nabój} ‘bullet’ → {amunicja}‘ammunition’;5. substance: rubber → welly, {dachówka} ‘tile’ → {dach, zadaszenie} ‘roof,roofing’.The category of body parts illustrates deep meronymy/holonymy very well. Forexample, the meronyms of {ciało}‘body’ include {ramię} ‘arm’, {głowa} ‘head’,{serce} ‘heart’, but also {krew} ‘blood’ and {tkanka} ‘tissue’. These, in turn, areholonyms for other synsets, for example {głowa} ‘head’ is a holonym for {twarz}‘face’, which is a holonym for {oko} ‘eye’, which is a holonym for {źrenica} ‘pupil’or {tęczówka} ‘iris’.Often more than one subtype of meronymy accounts for a given synset. Forexample, {drzewo} ‘tree’ has several part meronyms: {korzeń} ‘root’, {gałąź}‘branch’, {pień} ‘trunk’, {korona} ‘tree crown’. On the other hand, {drzewo} ‘tree’is an element of a collection meronym of {sad} ‘orchard’ and {las} ‘forest’.2.2.4 Relatedness, pertainymy and Polish derivationWe have broadened the relatedness and pertainymy relations, the only morphologicalrelations in PWN and EWN. PWN has been constructed for English, so only theproperties of this language were considered. Slavic languages, and specifically Polish,differ from English in important ways, not anticipated in the PWN structure.The first problem is aspect. It is a grammatical category specific for Slavic languages,exemplified by perfective-imperfective pairs kupić ‘buy (once); have bought’ -kupować ‘buy (habitually)’ or napisać ‘write (once); have written’ - pisać ‘write (habitually)’.Aspect makes the description of verbs troublesome, because not all senses ofa polysemous verb must have perfective-imperfective pairs or it need not be the sameperfective pair. For example, the verb czytać ‘read (text, habitually)’ can be pairedwith przeczytać ‘have read (text)’, but the same verb czytać ‘read someone’s thoughtsor read in someone’s eyes’ should be paired with odczytać ‘have read (in eyes)’ orwyczytać ‘have read (in thoughts)’.Polish rich morphology mandates many substantially different verbal derivatives.For example, the verb czytać ‘read’ has the following derivatives:• czytywać ‘read (repeatedly, several times)’,• zaczytać ‘read so often as to wear out’,• odczytać ‘decipher or read out’,• doczytać ‘read to the end or to read more’,