PREFACE

In the northern Llano Estacado, the Tierra Blanca Complex (Boyd 2001; Habicht-Mauche 1992; Hughes1989) assemblages include small triangular notched (Washita, Harrell) and unnotched projectile points(Fresno), distinctive “snub-nosed” end-scapers, beveled knives, and a variety of side-scrapers, and drills.Small quantities of ceramics are also present, including thin, dark sherds of a locally made utility ware,and Rio Grande glazeware, most of which is Glaze C and D. Based on the ceramics and a fewradiocarbon dates, the Tierra Blanca complex is tentatively dated between about AD 1450 and 1650(Habicht-Mauche 1992:251–252). Two kinds of sites have been documented – large villages markedmainly by the stone foundations of jacal structures, and small hunting camps. The complex seems torepresent “a semisedentary and semi-nomadic, bison-hunting and possible corn-growing people who weremuch involved in trade with the Anasazi pueblos . . .” (Hughes 1989:35).The Garza Complex (Baugh 1986; Boyd 2000; Habicht-Mauche 1992; Hughes 1989; Johnson et al. 1977)appears to be centered in the lower Texas Panhandle along the tributaries and main branches of the upperBrazos River. The lithic assemblages include small triangular notched (Washita, Harrell, Garza, Lott) andunnotched projectile points (Fresno), “snub-nosed” end-scapers, and bifacial knives. The small ceramicsassemblages consist of locally made, Southwestern-style utility ware, and relatively high percentages ofRio Grande glazeware, most of which is Glaze E and F. The ceramics and available radicarbon datessuggest a date range of roughly AD 1550–1700 for the complex, although a few sites have yielded earlierglazewares and sherds of Chupadero Black-on-white and Jornada Brown (Habicht-Mauche 1992:253;Hughes 1989:36), which may indicate both an earlier beginning date for the Garza phase and interactionwith groups in southeastern New Mexico. Other tool forms include mano and metate fragments, boneawls and fleshing tools. Habicht-Mauche (1992:253) also indicates that a bison scapula hoe and bisontibia digging stick were apparently recovered from the Montgomery site but never reported. Most of theknown Garza sites appear to be temporary camps, but the Bridwell Site includes the remains of a manmadecircular enbankment 46–50 m in diameter, which may have surrounded a base camp or village(Habicht-Mauche 1992:254; Hughes 1989:36). The settlement-subsistence system of the Garza Complexmay therefore be similar to that described for the Tierra Blanca phase.The Toyah Complex or Toyah Phase (Johnson 1994; Prewitt 1981, 1985; Ricklis 1992) is widespread innorth-central, central, and southern Texas, and may extend into northeastern Chihuahua (Mallouf 1999).The phase is dated between AD 1300 and 1700 in central Texas (Prewitt 1981:84). Although there is aprogression of radiocarbon dates from north to south (Prewitt 1985:225–228), Toyah materials appearrather abruptly throughout its range (Ricklis 1992:262–263), and typically represent a sharp break in thelocal cultural sequences. This evidence suggests that the complex represents a migration of Plains huntersfollowing the southward expanding bison herds, or alternatively, the rapid adoption by local groups of aspecialized bison-hunting technology (Ricklis 1992:263). The distinctive Toyah assemblage includesPerdiz and Cliffton arrowpoints, thin bifacial knives that are often alternately beveled, an abundance ofunifacial end-scrapers, flake drills or performators, a blade-core lithic technology, grinding stones, boneawls, various bison bone tools, and bone-tempered ceramics.Seymour (2002, 2004) has recently defined two protohistoric complexes based largely on excavations atthe Cerro Rojo Site in the Hueco Mountains. The Cerro Rojo Site is a basecamp with 275 features,mostly structures, that are spread over the tops, slopes, and saddles of a series of ridges. It appears tohave been occupied primarily during the 18 th century, although the initial Protohistoric occupation maydate as early as AD 1400–1500. Seymour (2004) argues that differences in the artifact assemblagesindicate that the site was occupied by both Apache and Manso groups. Four types of structures weredistinguished at the site in addition to rockshelters: slab-ring huts formed of stacked cobbles and boulders,rock-ringed huts formed by one or more courses of cobbles and boulders, tipi rings of widely spaced rock,and structural clearings. All four structure types are associated with the Cerro Rojo (Apache) Complex,and rockshelters were occupied occasionally. Only rock-ringed huts and rockshelters are associated withthe Canutillo (Manso) occupation. Ceramics at the site are plain brownwares and include Valle Bajo(Mission) Brownware, and four previously undescribed Protohistoric varieties. Much of this material isassumed to have been attained through trading and/or raiding.4-19