PREFACE

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h. Subfloor tests will be dug to determine if any additional floors or subsurface features arepresent.5. Small Features (Hearths without fire-cracked rock, storage pits, etc.)a. Strip surface sediments to define feature in plan.b. Next, fill from one-half of the feature is removed to expose a cross-section of the fill, whichis then photographed and profiled.c. The remainder of the fill is then removed either as a single level or in stratigraphic units,depending on the nature of the fill.d. If present, charcoal suitable for dendrochronological or radiometric dating will be collectedthroughout the excavation. Samples for archaeomagnetic dating, if available, will also becollected from features exposed to intensive burning.e. For small features with a uniform matrix, the entire fill is bagged for macrobotanical andpollen/phytolith analysis. For larger features, a sample of at least 5 liters of fill is collectedfrom the bottom and sides of the feature. If the fill appears to be stratified refuse, then severalsamples from the individual strata should be collected.6. Small Fire-cracked Rock/Burned Caliche Featuresa. Small (
. Once the feature is mapped, the excavation methods basically follow those already described.c. Whether or not the entire feature is excavated largely depends on its size. At a minimum, aseries of 1 by 1 m units will be positioned to bisect the feature and to expose the cross-sectionof the fill. Depending upon the depth of the fill, each unit will be excavated either as a singleunit, in arbitrary levels, or in stratigraphic units.d. Charcoal suitable for radiocarbon dating will be collected throughout the excavation and asample of at least 5 liters of fill is collected from the bottom and/or sides of the feature asappropriate. If the fill appears to be stratified refuse, then several samples from the individualstrata may be collected.e. Once the bisecting trench is completed, the cross-section profile will be drawn andphotographed.f. If further excavation is warranted, then units will be placed in areas of the feature that appearto have the potential to yield the maximum amount of information.8. Middensa. Middens should be excavated to the extent that the plan and profile can be rendered.b. Site specific sampling rationales should be based on the size and expected depth of middendeposits. The sampling rationale to be employed should be explicitly stated in data recoveryplans.c. For middens that appear to have structured deposits, excavation methods that produceextensive vertical faces are recommended. The purpose of these vertical faces is to providestratigraphic control.d. For less structured, more diffuse middens, it is recommended that more surface area besubjected to data recovery to obtain larger artifact samples.9. Artifact Concentrationsa. On sites that appear to be largely surficial, limited surface stripping should be conducted todetermine if the surface artifacts are representative of the assemblage, and to probe for buriedfeatures.b. Areas where major concentrations of artifacts were noted during the surface collection shouldalso be surface stripped. Larger artifacts tend to "float" at the ground surface, while smalleritems tend to become buried within the upper 1 to 8 cm of soils. Small microflakes offer oneof the best means for identifying exact locations of tool manufacturing activities because theycannot be readily cleaned up, and tend to remain in situ. Undertaking surface stripping, then,will ensure that a sample of the full spectrum of artifact sizes and types will be recovered forintra- and intersite analyses.c. Test pits (at least 1 by 1 m) are opened either within the concentration itself or, if the artifactsare concentrated in an eroded area, in areas adjacent to the concentration where intactsubsurface deposits might be present. If features are found, the excavation strategies outlinedabove should then be followed.10. Featureless landscapes within sites should be systematically or randomly sampled. Minimallysite boundaries are defined by documentation provided on site inventory forms. For logisticalreasons, the sample fraction should be graduated, relative to site size (e.g. higher samplefractions for small sites, lower sample fractions for large sites). Sample fractions should bejustified in the individual site data recovery plans. Field methods may also be selectedrelative to specific site sampling scenarios.11. Geomorphologya. On-site geomorphology studies provide critical stratigraphic interpretation that leads to anunderstanding of site formation processes. The added control this provides for theinterpretation of archaeological collections is useful for addressing the research problemdomains. Geomorphological studies provide an independent cross check that can be used tocritically evaluate the results of paleo-environmental studies. Stratigraphy assessment shouldfollow the geomorphological study conducted by Hall (2002).6-15
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National Register criteria, and dat
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• What data sets are needed to ad
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Fields, may be downloaded from the
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Development of Southeastern New Mex
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Table of Contents ContinuedRadiocar
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List of Tables ContinuedTable 3.13T
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CHAPTER 2PHYSIOGRAPHY, GEOARCHAEOLO
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The Llano Estacado Section or South
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Table 2.1 Selected Geologic Referen
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Portales ValleyThe Portales Valley
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The thickness of surficial deposits
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Alluvial Flats. Denudation of bedro
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Table 2.3 Physiographic Regions and
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Table 2.4Expected Average Condition
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Site densities were calculated for
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Figure 2.6. Area surveyed in square
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15. Based on the strong direct rela
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REFERENCES CITEDAltschul, J. H., Se
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2005 Surficial Geologic Map of New
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PREVIOUS TYPOLOGIESA number of typo
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Expectation for quarry sites and to
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As shown in Table 3.2, artifact sca
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Table 3.3 Rank ordering of feature
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Figure 3.2features.Histogram showin
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Table 3.5Expanded Component Types (
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11. cave - a natural hollow or open
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Ring Midden - a general donut-shape
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Table 3.7Occurrences of Surface and
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Our next concern was therefore the
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SITETYPE/GEOARCH LANO SUBSISTENCE R
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SITETYPE/GEOARCH LANO EFFORT AREA E
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ecause we don’t know how many sit
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Table 3.10 Proportional Area, Surve
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Table 3.11 Distribution of Paleoind
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Figure 3.53-32
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Figure 3.63-34
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Figure 3.73-36
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Not surprisingly, the distribution
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Table 3.15 Distribution of Unknown
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Pielou, E. C.1969 An Introduction t
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Wiseman, Regge N.1996 Corn Camp and
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and projectile point chronologies c
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Folsom is also reasonably well date
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The Portales Complex is no longer v
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described by some authors in the lo
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Based on the available evidence, th
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CeramicIn contrast to the Archaic,
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this feature type were observed. On
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Except for Brantley Reservoir, all
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• Did agricultural groups eventua
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The two complexes are distinguished
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the Apaches. Based on their locatio
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PaleoindianFor the Paleoindian peri
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For Sebastian and Larralde, the que
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Bohrer’s interpretation of the Fr
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As Sebastian and Larralde recognize
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In the Brantley Reservoir area of t
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small game. Some rodents may also h
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partly dependent on agriculture aft
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with the procurement of some wild r
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The last question is fundamental to
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areas, and the simultaneous presenc
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• what subsistence resources othe
Page 130 and 131: The labor invested in the construct
Page 132 and 133: Once site types are defined, the se
Page 134 and 135: PaleoindianAs discussed previously,
Page 136 and 137: From the above discussion, then, th
Page 138 and 139: Acquisition of the horse would have
Page 140 and 141: In using modern environmental data
Page 142 and 143: Table 4.1 Priority General Question
Page 144 and 145: Chronology and Culture History Subs
Page 146 and 147: Table 4.3. General question posed u
Page 148 and 149: 1983 In Pursuit of the Past. Thames
Page 150 and 151: Gamble, C. S. and W. A. Boismier (e
Page 152 and 153: 1997 Analysis of Paleoindian Bonbed
Page 154 and 155: 1999 Comments on the Prehistory of
Page 156 and 157: Shelley, Phillip H.1994 A Geoarchae
Page 158 and 159: 2000 Crosby Draw and River Camp: Co
Page 160 and 161: NMCRIS data indicate that survey co
Page 162 and 163: Addressing the Research QuestionsTh
Page 164 and 165: There are two major shortcomings to
Page 166 and 167: Artifact assemblages need to be des
Page 168 and 169: As with the selection of sites, the
Page 170 and 171: Architectural Sites(Single Residenc
Page 172 and 173: Based on the discussion of regional
Page 174 and 175: If Unit 1 deposits are exposed, the
Page 176 and 177: few artifacts are recovered and the
Page 178 and 179: 2. Large artifacts should be tagged
Page 182 and 183: . 1 x 1 m grids and/or backhoe tren
Page 184 and 185: Geophysical Remote SensingGeophysic
Page 186 and 187: 1987 Man the Hunted: Determinants o
Page 188 and 189: CHRONOLOGICAL SAMPLINGGeneral Guide
Page 190 and 191: a. Conversions of Radiocarbon Years
Page 192 and 193: f. Samples should not be exposed to
Page 194 and 195: LITHIC ARTIFACT ANALYSISThe goals o
Page 196 and 197: 24Manuport,tabular25 GroundstoneNon
Page 198 and 199: Use wear codes, terms and descripti
Page 200 and 201: B. Mano1. Type2. Material type3. Or
Page 202 and 203: References CitedAcklen, John C., Ma
Page 204 and 205: PROPOSED LITHIC MATERIAL CODE SHEET
Page 206 and 207: 108 light gray with profuse red (26
Page 208 and 209: CERAMIC ANALYSISThe goals of the ce
Page 210 and 211: Jornada Red TooledJornada Corrugate
Page 212 and 213: Santa Fe Black-on-whiteGalisteo Bla
Page 214 and 215: VI. Whole Vessels1. Vessel height2.
Page 216 and 217: Data NeedsA. Usage of more sophisti
Page 218 and 219: 5. The determination to wash the fa
Page 220 and 221: ARCHEOBOTANICAL STUDIES(from Dean 2
Page 222 and 223: V. Sample Size and NumberA. A recom
Page 224 and 225: B. Data return is dependent upon pr
Page 226 and 227: Or submit the vessel for a pollen w
Page 228 and 229: # FlotationSamples Flotation Sample
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might include “quids”, sandals,
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PREFACE

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