PREFACE

1300) is equivalent to the McKenzie phases in the north. The ceramic assemblage is dominated byRoswell Brown, Jornada Brown, and Chupadero Black-on-white. The two sites listed for this phase, P7and P8, are classified as concentrations of several thousand sherds and/or flakes with little or noindication of permanent architecture. The possibility of a pre-Crosby phase is also suggested by theceramic collections from P56 and P63, both of which appear to be temporary camps. The assemblagesfrom these sites include large quantities of South Pecos and Roswell Brown (Jelinek 1967:67).In discussing the relationship among these phase sequences, Wiseman (1997) argues that three or fourdifferent ethnic groups may be represented. Following Kelley (1984:153–154), Wiseman draws an initialdistinction between the southern Glencoe and northern Corona-Lincoln Phase occupations in the SierraBlanca area. He suggests that the Glencoe farmer-hunter-gatherers were indigenous to the area, while theCorona-Lincoln farmer-hunters intruded into the northern part of the area from the Chupadero Mesa(Gran Quivira) area. The occupants of the Middle Pecos Valley are potentially a third ethnic group.Jelinek (1967:160–163) speculates that agriculture was adopted by an indigenous, possibly Tanoanpopulation in the Middle Pecos under the influence of Anasazi populations in the middle and northern RioGrande valley. Wiseman (1992:137; 2004:86), on the other hand, argues that the similarities of ceramicassemblages and architecture of the Corona phase, pre-McKenzie phase Middle Pecos, and earlyChupadero Mesa sites are so great that they probably represent a single cultural manifestation.Nevertheless, the differences in the Lincoln and McKenzie phase occupation suggest that the MiddlePecos may have been ethnically distinct after AD 1300, particularly if Jelinek is correct in his assertionthat agriculture was abandoned in favor of bison hunting. Wiseman suggests that a fourth ethnicallydistinct group may have occupied the Eastern Jornada area. Although the ceramic assemblages andarchitecture at sites in this area are similar to the Jornada Mogollon, no evidence of agriculture has beenfound in the Eastern Jornada area, suggesting that the population were hunter-gatherers. Wiseman(1997:138) also raises the possibility that the Eastern Jornada may have been a Southern Plains ratherthan Southwestern people.Recent research in the Roswell area has fueled further speculation about the ethnic identity of Ceramicperiod populations in southeastern New Mexico. Excavations by the Office of Archaeological Studies atFox Place, King Ranch, and Townsend have uncovered remnants of small, oval to round pithouses andwickiup floors. Wiseman (2002:168–174) argues that similar structures may be associated with LateMcKenzie sites in the Middle Pecos and Ochoa sites in the Eastern Jornada, but that they are distinct fromthe deep pithouses at contemporary Glencoe sites. He speculates that these less durable structures maybe characteristic of indigenous, Southern Plains hunter-gatherers who maintained exchange relations withthe more sedentary Jornada Mogollon farmers and adopted some aspects of their material culture. Akins(2003:310–312), on the other hand, contends that the structures and site layout at the Fox Place andTownsend are virtually identical to those of Mesilla phase sites in the Rio Grande valley and TularosaBasin. She further questions Wiseman’s portrayal of the Jornada Mogollon as sedentary farmers, arguingthat early Jornada groups were primarily dependent on hunting and gathering supplemented byagriculture. She acknowledges that the Jornada were primarily dependent on agriculture after about AD1100, but emphasizes that they still maintained secondary residences where hunting and gatheringactivities were conducted on a seasonal basis. In short, Akins believes that Wiseman has created a falsedichotomy in equating the Jornada Mogollon with sedentary farmers and Plains groups with hunting andgathering. In her opinion, sites like Fox Place and Townsend fit readily into the range of JornadaMogollon settlements. Cranial measurements from burials at the Henderson Site bear directly on thisproblem, but the results of comparisons with Pueblo and Plains burials are not conclusive. The results ofthe analysis tentatively suggest that the Henderson material “morphologically fits its intermediategeographical position – exhibiting a form distinct from, but with some similarities to, both the Pueblo andthe Texas groups” (Rocek and Speth 1986:161).4-15