PREFACE

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f. Samples should not be exposed to excessive heat (over 100 degrees Celsius), or to direct sunlight,ultraviolet, infrared, X-rays, gamma-rays, or beta radiation.g. Collect multiple samples from a given provenience when possible.2. Laboratory Methodsa. Samples that appear to have been refired should not be submitted.b. Submit multiple samples from the same provenience and from different ceramic vessels.c. Give highest priority to samples from proveniences with other datable materials.d. When sending samples in for analysis, be sure to include all written information asrequested by the TL laboratory.DendrochronologyDendrochronology is another method to use for absolute dating. Tree-ring dates have a potentialresolution of one year to a few decades, so it is clearly the most reliable method for determining whethersites or features within a site are contemporaneous. Tree-ring dates are best when recovered from sitesdating to the seventh century or later. Although dendrochronology is a well known botanical datingtechnique in the Southwest, there has been only limited success with this technique in southeast NewMexico owing to complacent growth of riparian species, and a lack of tree species over wide areas of theregion. Prior to collecting dendrochronological samples, it is best to check with the Tree-Ring Laboratoryin Arizona to determine if the samples are viable.As with radiocarbon samples, dendrochronology samples are collected in the field. Samples should haveintact outer rings in order to obtain cutting dates. Samples should be tied with a string to maintainstability.Once back in the laboratory, highest priority should be given to samples from proveniences with otherdatable materials. As many samples as possible from a given provenience will be submitted in order toincrease precision. All dendrochronology samples will be sent to the Laboratory of Tree Ring Research atthe University of Arizona, Tucson.1. Field Methodsa. Try to obtain samples with intact outer rings in order to get cutting dates.b. Collect as much as possible of a single beam in order to obtain enough rings. Take the largestbeams and collect as many samples as possible. Unsuitable samples should be retained forEthnobotanical Studies.c. Avoid pretreatment of samples with paraffin and gas to the extent possible so as to allow forpossible radiocarbon dating later.d. To maintain sample stability tie with string.e. Obtain as many different samples as possible from a given provenience.f. Collect all tree species present. All woody species, including sagebrush, oak, cottonwood,pinyon, and juniper are potentially datable.2. Laboratory Methodsa. Submit as many samples as possible from a given provenience in order to increase precision.b. Send samples as soon as possible - tree ring lab has a huge backlog.c. Give highest priority to samples from proveniences with other datable materials, e.g.,radiocarbon, obsidian, archaeomagnetic, thermoluminescence.d. Submit all samples collected.6-26
e. Contractors are urged to contact the tree ring lab for the most up-to-date information concerningrequirements and forms.References CitedDean, Glenna2003 Current State of Knowledge: Archeobotanical Studies. Ms on file at the Office of ContractArcheology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Eighmy, Jeffery L.1980 Archaeomagnetism: A Handbook for the Archeologist. U.S. Department of the Interior, HeritageConservation and Recreation Service, Cultural Resource Management Series.Joukowsky, Martha1980 A Complete Manual of Field Archaeology: Tools and Techniques of Field Work forArchaeologists. Prentice Hall Press, New York.Wiseman, Regge2002 The Fox Place: A Late Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Pithouse Village near Roswell, New Mexico.Archaeology Notes 234, Office of Archaeological Studies, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe.6-27
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National Register criteria, and dat
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• What data sets are needed to ad
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Fields, may be downloaded from the
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Development of Southeastern New Mex
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Table of Contents ContinuedRadiocar
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List of Tables ContinuedTable 3.13T
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CHAPTER 2PHYSIOGRAPHY, GEOARCHAEOLO
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The Llano Estacado Section or South
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Table 2.1 Selected Geologic Referen
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Portales ValleyThe Portales Valley
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The thickness of surficial deposits
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Alluvial Flats. Denudation of bedro
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Table 2.3 Physiographic Regions and
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Table 2.4Expected Average Condition
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Site densities were calculated for
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Figure 2.6. Area surveyed in square
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15. Based on the strong direct rela
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REFERENCES CITEDAltschul, J. H., Se
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2005 Surficial Geologic Map of New
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PREVIOUS TYPOLOGIESA number of typo
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Expectation for quarry sites and to
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As shown in Table 3.2, artifact sca
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Table 3.3 Rank ordering of feature
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Figure 3.2features.Histogram showin
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Table 3.5Expanded Component Types (
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11. cave - a natural hollow or open
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Ring Midden - a general donut-shape
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Table 3.7Occurrences of Surface and
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Our next concern was therefore the
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SITETYPE/GEOARCH LANO SUBSISTENCE R
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SITETYPE/GEOARCH LANO EFFORT AREA E
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ecause we don’t know how many sit
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Table 3.10 Proportional Area, Surve
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Table 3.11 Distribution of Paleoind
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Figure 3.53-32
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Figure 3.63-34
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Figure 3.73-36
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Not surprisingly, the distribution
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Table 3.15 Distribution of Unknown
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Pielou, E. C.1969 An Introduction t
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Wiseman, Regge N.1996 Corn Camp and
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and projectile point chronologies c
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Folsom is also reasonably well date
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The Portales Complex is no longer v
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described by some authors in the lo
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Based on the available evidence, th
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CeramicIn contrast to the Archaic,
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this feature type were observed. On
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Except for Brantley Reservoir, all
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• Did agricultural groups eventua
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The two complexes are distinguished
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the Apaches. Based on their locatio
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PaleoindianFor the Paleoindian peri
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For Sebastian and Larralde, the que
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Bohrer’s interpretation of the Fr
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As Sebastian and Larralde recognize
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In the Brantley Reservoir area of t
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small game. Some rodents may also h
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partly dependent on agriculture aft
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with the procurement of some wild r
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The last question is fundamental to
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areas, and the simultaneous presenc
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• what subsistence resources othe
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The labor invested in the construct
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Once site types are defined, the se
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PaleoindianAs discussed previously,
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From the above discussion, then, th
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Acquisition of the horse would have
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In using modern environmental data
Page 142 and 143: Table 4.1 Priority General Question
Page 144 and 145: Chronology and Culture History Subs
Page 146 and 147: Table 4.3. General question posed u
Page 148 and 149: 1983 In Pursuit of the Past. Thames
Page 150 and 151: Gamble, C. S. and W. A. Boismier (e
Page 152 and 153: 1997 Analysis of Paleoindian Bonbed
Page 154 and 155: 1999 Comments on the Prehistory of
Page 156 and 157: Shelley, Phillip H.1994 A Geoarchae
Page 158 and 159: 2000 Crosby Draw and River Camp: Co
Page 160 and 161: NMCRIS data indicate that survey co
Page 162 and 163: Addressing the Research QuestionsTh
Page 164 and 165: There are two major shortcomings to
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Page 168 and 169: As with the selection of sites, the
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Page 172 and 173: Based on the discussion of regional
Page 174 and 175: If Unit 1 deposits are exposed, the
Page 176 and 177: few artifacts are recovered and the
Page 178 and 179: 2. Large artifacts should be tagged
Page 180 and 181: h. Subfloor tests will be dug to de
Page 182 and 183: . 1 x 1 m grids and/or backhoe tren
Page 184 and 185: Geophysical Remote SensingGeophysic
Page 186 and 187: 1987 Man the Hunted: Determinants o
Page 188 and 189: CHRONOLOGICAL SAMPLINGGeneral Guide
Page 190 and 191: a. Conversions of Radiocarbon Years
Page 194 and 195: LITHIC ARTIFACT ANALYSISThe goals o
Page 196 and 197: 24Manuport,tabular25 GroundstoneNon
Page 198 and 199: Use wear codes, terms and descripti
Page 200 and 201: B. Mano1. Type2. Material type3. Or
Page 202 and 203: References CitedAcklen, John C., Ma
Page 204 and 205: PROPOSED LITHIC MATERIAL CODE SHEET
Page 206 and 207: 108 light gray with profuse red (26
Page 208 and 209: CERAMIC ANALYSISThe goals of the ce
Page 210 and 211: Jornada Red TooledJornada Corrugate
Page 212 and 213: Santa Fe Black-on-whiteGalisteo Bla
Page 214 and 215: VI. Whole Vessels1. Vessel height2.
Page 216 and 217: Data NeedsA. Usage of more sophisti
Page 218 and 219: 5. The determination to wash the fa
Page 220 and 221: ARCHEOBOTANICAL STUDIES(from Dean 2
Page 222 and 223: V. Sample Size and NumberA. A recom
Page 224 and 225: B. Data return is dependent upon pr
Page 226 and 227: Or submit the vessel for a pollen w
Page 228 and 229: # FlotationSamples Flotation Sample
Page 230: might include “quids”, sandals,
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PREFACE

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