PREFACE

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B. Mano1. Type2. Material type3. Original morphology of stonea. blockyb. boulder/large cobblec. slab4. Degree and type of shaping of stone in addition to grinding surface5. Outline in transverse (short) and longitudinal (long) sections6. Number of surfaces showing grinding (for trough manos, separate into major grindingsurface(s) and edge wear)7. Total length, width, thickness of stone8. Total length, width, thickness of grinding surface9. Commentsa. grinding surfaces well-developed as opposed to showing minimal wearb. presence of tiny sharpening pitsc. presence of coloration/pigment staind. discoloration and spalling caused by burninge. etc.10. Samples to take (mano must come from a protected situation such as from beneath ametate or bottom of storage or cache pit)a. pollen washb. macrobotanicalc. residue11. Photographs and/or scaled drawingsC. Mortar (most of this work is done in the field during excavation)1. Typea. bedrockb. portable boulder2. Material3. Dimensionsa. Orifice length and widthb. Total depthc. Change in dimensions with depth (cross-section profile)4. Nature of fill (if any), including plants growing within mortar (specify species)5. Remove fill only during excavation6. Take samples of rock from lower sides and bottom for lipid residue analysis7. Number of mortars present8. Multiple mortarsa. arrangement (i.e., dispersed or clustered)b. distribution of arrangement (i.e., spaced along edge of bedrock outcrop, clusteredon boulder or section of outcrop, two or more clusters)c. distances between individual mortars (center to center [draw map]d. distances between clusters (draw map)9. Physically associated cultural materials, both on surface surrounding or covering mortarsand in fillD. Nutting Stone1. Same as mortar6-34
E. Pestle1. Material2. Length, width, thickness3. Weight4. Use-wear5. Comments (see metate and mano)6. Samples (see metate and mano)7. Photographs and/or drawingsF. Other1. Number of ground surfaces2. Material3. Original morphology4. Degree and type of shaping of stone and ground surface5. Total length, width, thickness of stone6. Total length, width, and depth of ground surface7. Comments (see metate and mano)8. Samples (see metate and mano)9. Photographs and/or drawingsLithic Sourcing StudiesIt is critical to determine if the assemblages of tools and manufacturing by-products found at the siterepresents manufacture of locally available raw materials, or if some portion of those assemblagesrepresent manufacture (or tool use) of lithic materials which have been imported to the sites. Knowledgeof the kinds and artifact types represented in the non-local assemblage will play a critical role indetermining the kinds of lithic procurement activities conducted in the area, their roles in the exploitingsystems, and the degree of mobility or exchange.For the most part, local and regional lithic sourcing is limited. The identification of material sourceswould entail communicating with collectors, rock hounds, geologists, and ranchers. It would also requirefield work to verify data. One of the end results of lithic sourcing studies would be a materials collectionto be kept at each BLM field office (and other publicly accessible museums or universities) for use byresearchers and analysts. The following “Lithic Material Code Sheet” prepared by Regge Wiseman offersa beginning point for this kind of research. It is recommended that concerted program of lithic sourceidentification survey be undertaken to collect examples from these (and other) material types to compilecomparative collections.Obsidian sourcing has been successful using X-ray florescence (XRF). A select sample of obsidian fromwithin features, concentrations, and/or different site areas will be submitted for XRF analysis.The use of shortwave and longwave UV light on selected cherts (i.e., Edwards Plateau, San Andres) hasbeen successful in distinguishing Edwards Plateau cherts from look-a-likes and to aid in recognizingsubregional varieties within the San Andres gray cherts. Selected cherts, then, will undergo UV lightanalysis.6-35
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National Register criteria, and dat
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• What data sets are needed to ad
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Fields, may be downloaded from the
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Development of Southeastern New Mex
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Table of Contents ContinuedRadiocar
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List of Tables ContinuedTable 3.13T
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CHAPTER 2PHYSIOGRAPHY, GEOARCHAEOLO
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The Llano Estacado Section or South
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Table 2.1 Selected Geologic Referen
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Portales ValleyThe Portales Valley
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The thickness of surficial deposits
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Alluvial Flats. Denudation of bedro
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Table 2.3 Physiographic Regions and
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Table 2.4Expected Average Condition
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Site densities were calculated for
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Figure 2.6. Area surveyed in square
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15. Based on the strong direct rela
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REFERENCES CITEDAltschul, J. H., Se
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2005 Surficial Geologic Map of New
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PREVIOUS TYPOLOGIESA number of typo
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Expectation for quarry sites and to
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As shown in Table 3.2, artifact sca
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Table 3.3 Rank ordering of feature
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Figure 3.2features.Histogram showin
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Table 3.5Expanded Component Types (
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11. cave - a natural hollow or open
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Ring Midden - a general donut-shape
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Table 3.7Occurrences of Surface and
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Our next concern was therefore the
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SITETYPE/GEOARCH LANO SUBSISTENCE R
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SITETYPE/GEOARCH LANO EFFORT AREA E
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ecause we don’t know how many sit
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Table 3.10 Proportional Area, Surve
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Table 3.11 Distribution of Paleoind
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Figure 3.53-32
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Figure 3.63-34
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Figure 3.73-36
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Not surprisingly, the distribution
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Table 3.15 Distribution of Unknown
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Pielou, E. C.1969 An Introduction t
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Wiseman, Regge N.1996 Corn Camp and
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and projectile point chronologies c
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Folsom is also reasonably well date
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The Portales Complex is no longer v
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described by some authors in the lo
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Based on the available evidence, th
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CeramicIn contrast to the Archaic,
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this feature type were observed. On
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Except for Brantley Reservoir, all
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• Did agricultural groups eventua
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The two complexes are distinguished
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the Apaches. Based on their locatio
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PaleoindianFor the Paleoindian peri
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For Sebastian and Larralde, the que
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Bohrer’s interpretation of the Fr
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As Sebastian and Larralde recognize
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In the Brantley Reservoir area of t
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small game. Some rodents may also h
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partly dependent on agriculture aft
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with the procurement of some wild r
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The last question is fundamental to
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areas, and the simultaneous presenc
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• what subsistence resources othe
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The labor invested in the construct
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Once site types are defined, the se
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PaleoindianAs discussed previously,
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From the above discussion, then, th
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Acquisition of the horse would have
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In using modern environmental data
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Table 4.1 Priority General Question
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Chronology and Culture History Subs
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Table 4.3. General question posed u
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1983 In Pursuit of the Past. Thames
Page 150 and 151: Gamble, C. S. and W. A. Boismier (e
Page 152 and 153: 1997 Analysis of Paleoindian Bonbed
Page 154 and 155: 1999 Comments on the Prehistory of
Page 156 and 157: Shelley, Phillip H.1994 A Geoarchae
Page 158 and 159: 2000 Crosby Draw and River Camp: Co
Page 160 and 161: NMCRIS data indicate that survey co
Page 162 and 163: Addressing the Research QuestionsTh
Page 164 and 165: There are two major shortcomings to
Page 166 and 167: Artifact assemblages need to be des
Page 168 and 169: As with the selection of sites, the
Page 170 and 171: Architectural Sites(Single Residenc
Page 172 and 173: Based on the discussion of regional
Page 174 and 175: If Unit 1 deposits are exposed, the
Page 176 and 177: few artifacts are recovered and the
Page 178 and 179: 2. Large artifacts should be tagged
Page 180 and 181: h. Subfloor tests will be dug to de
Page 182 and 183: . 1 x 1 m grids and/or backhoe tren
Page 184 and 185: Geophysical Remote SensingGeophysic
Page 186 and 187: 1987 Man the Hunted: Determinants o
Page 188 and 189: CHRONOLOGICAL SAMPLINGGeneral Guide
Page 190 and 191: a. Conversions of Radiocarbon Years
Page 192 and 193: f. Samples should not be exposed to
Page 194 and 195: LITHIC ARTIFACT ANALYSISThe goals o
Page 196 and 197: 24Manuport,tabular25 GroundstoneNon
Page 198 and 199: Use wear codes, terms and descripti
Page 202 and 203: References CitedAcklen, John C., Ma
Page 204 and 205: PROPOSED LITHIC MATERIAL CODE SHEET
Page 206 and 207: 108 light gray with profuse red (26
Page 208 and 209: CERAMIC ANALYSISThe goals of the ce
Page 210 and 211: Jornada Red TooledJornada Corrugate
Page 212 and 213: Santa Fe Black-on-whiteGalisteo Bla
Page 214 and 215: VI. Whole Vessels1. Vessel height2.
Page 216 and 217: Data NeedsA. Usage of more sophisti
Page 218 and 219: 5. The determination to wash the fa
Page 220 and 221: ARCHEOBOTANICAL STUDIES(from Dean 2
Page 222 and 223: V. Sample Size and NumberA. A recom
Page 224 and 225: B. Data return is dependent upon pr
Page 226 and 227: Or submit the vessel for a pollen w
Page 228 and 229: # FlotationSamples Flotation Sample
Page 230: might include “quids”, sandals,
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PREFACE

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