PREFACE

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# FlotationSamples Flotation Samples: CommentsPollen SampleType (see key) Pollen Samples: CommentsContextNiche S-MS Base, sides.Pit, thermal 1+ Fill by strat.(not postoccupationalfill), base, sides.Pit, non-thermal: cist; storage, 1+ Fill by strat.(not postoccupationalotherfill), base, sides.Post hole 0-1 If suspect floor sweepings, ritualoffering; if post remnant present, usefor C 14 , dendro.Prehistoric ground surface As control sample for prehistoricseed assemblage.S-MS Base, sides.S Base, sides.Base, sides, outside oxidized zone; beneathand between slabs if slab-lined; aroundoutside edge.Good control sample.Rock alignment Under, around rocks S, MP Under, around rocksRoof fall 1+ Strata, if present and relevantStratigraphic column In middens, or in on- or off-sitetrenches.Structure, feature fill 1/strat. Cultural deposits, in situ feature fill,middens, roof fall, etc., (relevancedepends on research questions).S Sample lowest stratum first; avoid samplingacross strat. contact; if seds. homogeneous,sample at regular intervals, (e.g.) ea. 10 cmS-MS 3-5 cm above use surface, sterile, fill excellentfor postoccupational environmental pollen.Ventilator shaft S-MS Base, sides.Key: S = single location or point sample; MS = multiple single point samples; MP = multiple pinches across surface; PW = pollen wash6-62
II. Record Keeping/Sample LogsA. Note Section B under Flotation Samples; the same information pertains to pollen samples.B. On large scale excavation projects, it is also recommended that if possible, arrange for the pollenanalyst to visit the site/project area during excavation to assess area vegetation, take ancillarymodern samples, assist in collecting samples from the excavations and generally gain a first-handfamiliarity with the project.III. Analysis and Data ReturnA. Pollen samples are prepared and analyzed by specialists. However, some laboratory techniqueswill influence representation of pollen in a sample.1. Pollen grains are resistant to acids and susceptible to bases. Therefore, alternation of acidsand bases during laboratory extraction can exacerbate degradation and influencerepresentation. If pollen samples are frequently noted as pollen deficient, check theextraction process being used.2. The use of spike (Lycopodium spores) during extraction will allow assessments of pollenabundance and degradation to be made during analysis. Check that your selected analyst usesspike.B. Data return is dependent upon preservation, the contexts sampled and the number of samplesanalyzed. The application of the pollen data will be greatly enhanced if the palynologist knowswhat research questions are being asked, in addition to having been provided adequateprovenience information. Therefore, it is in the best interest of each archaeological contractor toprovide the analyst with a copy of the research questions posed in the data recovery plan for eachsite.C. At present, it is considered more appropriate to present pollen data in tabular form, histograms,pie charts, scatter plots, etc. Saw-toothed pollen diagrams are not appropriate for archeobotanicalanalysis. These diagrams were designed for closely-spaced vertical column samples, taken forpaleoenvironmental studies, where continuity from one sample to the next could be demonstrated.Such continuity cannot be assumed in archaeological sediments because of cultural activity.D. Also, a more accurate means of presenting the pollen data is as concentration values, not as onlypercentages, with some expression of pollen degradation. If only percentages are presented,request that concentration values also be provided.PhytolithsPhytoliths are plant crystals that are formed by plants from excess silicon dioxide, calcium oxalate, andother minerals and stored within specialized cells. Some plants form characteristic phytoliths unique tofamily, genus or species. Collection of phytolith samples is similar to collection of pollen samples andprocedures previously described above. Pearsall (1989) and Pearsall and Piperno (1993) present detailedinformation concerning phytoliths. It should be noted however, that phytoliths, unlike pollen grains, arenot destroyed by heat/burning and therefore can be retrieved from fire-altered proveniences.Vegetal (Macrobotanical) SamplesI. DefinitionVegetal samples are collected as potential indicators of botanical resource utilization, processing,or use by site inhabitants. Such samples include specimens of corn cobs, kernels, squash rind,acorns, other seeds, charcoal, leaves, cordage, vegetal matting, wood from roof fall, and otherplant parts, charred or uncharred. They do not require concentration by flotation procedures.These are recovered from the screen or directly from the cultural context. Other vegetal samples6-63
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National Register criteria, and dat
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• What data sets are needed to ad
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Fields, may be downloaded from the
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Development of Southeastern New Mex
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Table of Contents ContinuedRadiocar
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List of Tables ContinuedTable 3.13T
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CHAPTER 2PHYSIOGRAPHY, GEOARCHAEOLO
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The Llano Estacado Section or South
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Table 2.1 Selected Geologic Referen
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Portales ValleyThe Portales Valley
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The thickness of surficial deposits
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Alluvial Flats. Denudation of bedro
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Table 2.3 Physiographic Regions and
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Table 2.4Expected Average Condition
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Site densities were calculated for
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Figure 2.6. Area surveyed in square
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15. Based on the strong direct rela
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REFERENCES CITEDAltschul, J. H., Se
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2005 Surficial Geologic Map of New
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PREVIOUS TYPOLOGIESA number of typo
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Expectation for quarry sites and to
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As shown in Table 3.2, artifact sca
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Table 3.3 Rank ordering of feature
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Figure 3.2features.Histogram showin
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Table 3.5Expanded Component Types (
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11. cave - a natural hollow or open
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Ring Midden - a general donut-shape
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Table 3.7Occurrences of Surface and
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Our next concern was therefore the
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SITETYPE/GEOARCH LANO SUBSISTENCE R
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SITETYPE/GEOARCH LANO EFFORT AREA E
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ecause we don’t know how many sit
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Table 3.10 Proportional Area, Surve
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Table 3.11 Distribution of Paleoind
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Figure 3.53-32
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Figure 3.63-34
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Figure 3.73-36
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Not surprisingly, the distribution
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Table 3.15 Distribution of Unknown
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Pielou, E. C.1969 An Introduction t
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Wiseman, Regge N.1996 Corn Camp and
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and projectile point chronologies c
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Folsom is also reasonably well date
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The Portales Complex is no longer v
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described by some authors in the lo
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Based on the available evidence, th
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CeramicIn contrast to the Archaic,
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this feature type were observed. On
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Except for Brantley Reservoir, all
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• Did agricultural groups eventua
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The two complexes are distinguished
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the Apaches. Based on their locatio
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PaleoindianFor the Paleoindian peri
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For Sebastian and Larralde, the que
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Bohrer’s interpretation of the Fr
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As Sebastian and Larralde recognize
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In the Brantley Reservoir area of t
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small game. Some rodents may also h
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partly dependent on agriculture aft
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with the procurement of some wild r
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The last question is fundamental to
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areas, and the simultaneous presenc
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• what subsistence resources othe
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The labor invested in the construct
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Once site types are defined, the se
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PaleoindianAs discussed previously,
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From the above discussion, then, th
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Acquisition of the horse would have
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In using modern environmental data
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Table 4.1 Priority General Question
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Chronology and Culture History Subs
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Table 4.3. General question posed u
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1983 In Pursuit of the Past. Thames
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Gamble, C. S. and W. A. Boismier (e
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1997 Analysis of Paleoindian Bonbed
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1999 Comments on the Prehistory of
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Shelley, Phillip H.1994 A Geoarchae
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2000 Crosby Draw and River Camp: Co
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NMCRIS data indicate that survey co
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Addressing the Research QuestionsTh
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There are two major shortcomings to
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Artifact assemblages need to be des
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As with the selection of sites, the
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Architectural Sites(Single Residenc
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Based on the discussion of regional
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If Unit 1 deposits are exposed, the
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few artifacts are recovered and the
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Page 180 and 181: h. Subfloor tests will be dug to de
Page 182 and 183: . 1 x 1 m grids and/or backhoe tren
Page 184 and 185: Geophysical Remote SensingGeophysic
Page 186 and 187: 1987 Man the Hunted: Determinants o
Page 188 and 189: CHRONOLOGICAL SAMPLINGGeneral Guide
Page 190 and 191: a. Conversions of Radiocarbon Years
Page 192 and 193: f. Samples should not be exposed to
Page 194 and 195: LITHIC ARTIFACT ANALYSISThe goals o
Page 196 and 197: 24Manuport,tabular25 GroundstoneNon
Page 198 and 199: Use wear codes, terms and descripti
Page 200 and 201: B. Mano1. Type2. Material type3. Or
Page 202 and 203: References CitedAcklen, John C., Ma
Page 204 and 205: PROPOSED LITHIC MATERIAL CODE SHEET
Page 206 and 207: 108 light gray with profuse red (26
Page 208 and 209: CERAMIC ANALYSISThe goals of the ce
Page 210 and 211: Jornada Red TooledJornada Corrugate
Page 212 and 213: Santa Fe Black-on-whiteGalisteo Bla
Page 214 and 215: VI. Whole Vessels1. Vessel height2.
Page 216 and 217: Data NeedsA. Usage of more sophisti
Page 218 and 219: 5. The determination to wash the fa
Page 220 and 221: ARCHEOBOTANICAL STUDIES(from Dean 2
Page 222 and 223: V. Sample Size and NumberA. A recom
Page 224 and 225: B. Data return is dependent upon pr
Page 226 and 227: Or submit the vessel for a pollen w
Page 230: might include “quids”, sandals,
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PREFACE

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