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Area of Moderate backwardness As many as 57.14 percent of the taluks were the areas of moderate backwardness, which are Nagamangala, Krishnarjapet and Malavalli during 1991 census. Nagamangala taluk was backward in A and D indicators, K.R. Pet in A, D and E, Malavalli in A, B and C indicators. During 2001 all taluks slip down to very high backwardness group. Areas of High backwardness In this category more than three indicators ere recorded below average of study are. 28.57 percent of taluk (Pandavapura and Maddur) were the area of High backwardness in 1991. But in 2001, most of the taluks were registered in this category of high backwardness except Mandya and Srirangapttna taluks among these Maddur was highly backwardness in all the indicators. Conclusion The result of this study shows that part of the study area is not backward while a large part emerges as an area of extreme backwardness in human resource development. This situation is not desirable; attempts are needed to remove the deficiencies in taluks wherever they exist. Reference 1. R. C. Chandana (2006) geography of Population, Kalyani Publication, New Delhi, P 344. 2. Tripati R.S and Tiwari R.P (1995) Changing pattern in human resource development in Madhya Pradesh, geographical Review of India, Vol.57, No. 4, PP.376- 381. 3. Census of India, Mandya- District Primary census abstract- 1991. 4. District at a Glance 2007-08, Zillapanchayat, Mandya. Taluks Annexure Table 1 Index of urbanization, Literacy, Female literacy, Marginal Workers and Non agricultural workers. Index of Index of Index of Index of urbanization Literacy Female Marginal Index of Non agricultural workers literacy Workers and A B C D E 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 Years Krishnarajapet 8.14 9.09 50.28 61.60 38.76 50.40 9.65 9.24 13.39 16.23 Maddur 7.81 9.12 47.17 59.50 37.58 50.01 12.39 11.45 16.63 23.34 Malavalli 14.09 14.23 44.67 55.70 35.76 46.90 5.04 10.75 23.31 30.01 Mandya 31.40 32.34 47.98 65.90 38.60 57.50 3.10 3.60 28.71 38.26 Nagamangala 11.35 8.41 51.94 62.00 39.95 50.40 8.16 8.26 15.51 21.74 Pandavapura 11.98 10.46 45.13 56.70 34.19 46.70 4.41 10.18 20.68 19.50 Srirangapattana 19.27 18.79 49.87 62.80 41.90 54.60 2.75 13.25 19.89 30.07 District 16.23 16.03 48.15 61.00 38.11 51.50 5.84 8.95 21.81 26.56 Source: Census of India, 1991, 2001. Table 2. Backwardness in Human Resource Development (1991 and 2001) in Mandya District Degree of 1991 2001 Backwardness Area of Developed Mandya Mandya Area of Least Srirangapattna Srirangapattna backwardness Area of Moderately backwardness Area of High backwardness Nagamangala, Krishnarjapet and Malavalli Maddur and Pandavapura *** Nil Krishnarjapet Nagamangala, , Malavalli Pandavapura and Maddur www.theinternationaljournal.org > RJSSM: Volume: 01, Number: 10, Feb-2012 Page 85
Innovation of Fraud Deterrence System in the Organization using Forensic Accounting and Data Mining Techniques Pornchai Naruedomkul, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Pannipa Rodwanna, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand INTRODUCTION It is undeniable that corporate fraud is one of the critical issues for the businesses around the world including Thailand. The 2010 Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) Report stated that the loss due to fraudulent activities in the businesses was about 5-7% of the annual revenues in the U.S.A. (Table 1). The amount of loss due to occupational fraud and abuse did not decrease after the enacted of Sarbanes-Oxley Act and Statement of Auditing Standard (SAS) No.99 in 2002. Description 1995-1996 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Gross Domestic Products 6.67 10.00 11.00 13.04 14.20 58.00 Loss to occupational fraud and abuse 0.40 0.60 0.66 0.65 0.99 2.90 Loss to gross domestic products (%) 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.00 7.00 5.00 Table 1: Estimated loss due to occupational fraud and abuse in U.S.A. Source: Adapted from [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] In Thailand, KPMG Forensic conducted the fraud survey in 2005 and 2007 and it appeared that fraud risk was a major concern for businesses in Thailand [15]. The estimated financial loss in case of fraud detected in Thailand from 2005 to 2007 is shown in Table 2. While the percentage of fraud less than a million baht (Thailand currency) has come down, fraud above a million baht has gone up. The survey also indicated that the fraud issues found in Thailand are also found in other countries [15]. Table 2: Estimated financial losses in cases of fraud detected in Thailand Source: Adapted from [14] After Enron and WorldCom collapsed, many organizations had established the policy and regulations to detect the internal fraud e.g. Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Statement of Auditing Standard (SAS) No.99 and International Standards on Auditing No. 240. In Thailand, Thai Standards Auditing No. 240 states that the auditor should ensure that the financial statements audited are free from fraud or error which is in line with International Standards on Auditing Year Amount 2005 2007 Baht 10 million and above 11% 16% Baht 5 million to less than 10 million 5% 8% Baht 1 million to less than 5 million 15% 18% Baht 100,000 to less than 1 million 31% 27% Less than Baht 100,000 38% 31% No. 240. The Securities and Exchange Act 1992 of Thailand clearly defines that if the auditor finds any false supporting documents and/or incorrect recording in the accounts of a listed company, the auditor shall disclose the effects on the financial statement in the audit report. These regulations are used to detect the frauds which have already occurred in the business resulting in the loss or damage. It would be beneficial to the business if there was a system in place where fraud can be detected early so that it can be prevented or loss can be minimized as much as possible. Deterrence is the best way to prevent fraud before it happens which should reduce the loss or damage to the organization [31] [33]. To develop this system, it is important to understand the behavioral factors influencing a fraudster [26]. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE This research identifies the risk factors causing the fraudulent activities in the organization. A risk model to identify potential fraud and a fraud deterrence system are developed in the paper. LITERATURE REVIEW FRAUD DEFINITION Fraud can be defined in many ways. Reference [12] defined fraud as “Fraud (false pretense) involves intentional and material misrepresentation of one or more material facts with the intent of taking of property from a victim. The misrepresentation must be more than mere sales hyperbole.” Albrecht (2003) defined fraud as “a representation about a material fact which is false and intentionally or recklessly so, which is believed and acted upon by the victim, to the victim’s damage” [cited in 27]. Oxford, dictionary of law (2003) defined fraud as “a false representation by means of a statement or conduct made knowingly or recklessly in order to gain a material advantage. If the fraud results in injury to the deceived party, he may claim damages for the tort of deceit. A contract obtained by fraud is voidable on the grounds of fraudulent misrepresentation” [17]. American heritage dictionary (second college edition) defined fraud as “a deception deliberately practiced in order to secure unfair or unlawful gain” [cited in 14]. Black’s law dictionary describes fraud as “the intentional use of deceit, a trick or some dishonest means to deprive another of his/her/its money, property or a legal right” [cited in 18]. www.theinternationaljournal.org > RJSSM: Volume: 01, Number: 10, Feb-2012 Page 86
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Table of Contents Articles-HR Worki
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Lifelong Learning: The Challenge in
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the fact that Indian society tradit
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stakeholder led partnerships (Guile
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Defarges, P M (1996), Les organizat
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Rubenson K (2006), Constructing the
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Looking at the organization also we
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[10]Nilles,Jack M.(1974), The Telec
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THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEV
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the treatment meted out by the top
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1.Number of pucca houses doubled fr
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in the rural markets of India‖. I
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Sustainable Development in Educatio
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esponsible citizens, we can economi
Page 30 and 31:
Study of Impact of Green Marketing
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est path forward. The authors have
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pollution tax. While converse may n
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established which started as privat
Page 38 and 39: Principles of Sound lending The ban
Page 40 and 41: Mithila State Dr. Prem Chandra Thak
Page 42 and 43: (Jatasankar jha PP59 Beginning of m
Page 44 and 45: Leadership to manage Emotions in He
Page 46 and 47: will to pursue it through the devel
Page 48 and 49: thing to do.” There are a few oth
Page 50 and 51: Blake, R. and McCanse, A.A. (1991),
Page 52 and 53: and hence considered the most impor
Page 54 and 55: % of Respondents Percentage of Resp
Page 56 and 57: S.No Income (Rs.) Average monthly f
Page 58 and 59: Bibliography [1] Binu Mathew (2006)
Page 60 and 61: Knowledge evolves over time with ex
Page 62 and 63: The cycle works as follows: A. Figu
Page 64 and 65: of companies listed on Jakarta Isla
Page 66 and 67: [4] R. Ball and P. Brown. "An empir
Page 68 and 69: CKK‟s Advertisement Intervention
Page 70 and 71: Another significant feature of the
Page 72 and 73: Psychological Science [A Journal of
Page 74 and 75: • Have a personal action plan for
Page 76 and 77: • But all the units of the organi
Page 78 and 79: Role of Supply chain in successful
Page 80 and 81: POPULATION, SAMPLING AND SAMPLING S
Page 82 and 83: REFERENCES 1. Ademeso, O.S.and Wind
Page 84 and 85: Table-2:ANOVA Test - Type of owners
Page 86 and 87: Levels of Human Resource Developmen
Page 90 and 91: Criminal Code of Thailand, B.E. 249
Page 92 and 93: In phase 6, the validation will be
Page 94 and 95: 1. Risk factors research Reduce fra
Page 96 and 97: Supply chain management is an integ
Page 98 and 99: . B. Raja Shekar, GVRK Acharyulu, L
Page 100 and 101: other words, it simply means a plan
Page 102 and 103: and encourages communalism which is
Page 104 and 105: From this paper, it has been found
Page 106 and 107: confinement of the research. Thirdl
Page 108 and 109: sentence in India. Adequate safegua
Page 110 and 111: amount of compensation from the Sta
Page 112 and 113: in Joginder Kumar Singh case. It is
Page 114 and 115: 111 TABLE 1. DISTRIBUTION OF WORKER
Page 116 and 117: Appraisal system of the company pay
Page 118 and 119: ITC Limited has a long history of a
Page 120: CONCLUSION The survey indicated tha
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