Interventions for Tuberculosis Control and Elimination 2002

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�� 109 �� Figure 61. Results from retrospective studies on the effectiveness of BCG vaccination against death from meningeal, other extrapulmonary, or disseminated tuberculosis. 745-747,747-753 It may be concluded from these studies that BCG affords very good protection against death from tuberculosis, and against disseminated and meningeal tuberculosis. Protection conferred by BCG vaccination of newborns and infants Three prospective studies looked into the protective efficacy of BCG given to newborns or infants against all forms of tuberculosis or morbidity (figure 62). 742,743,754 The point estimate of the efficacy was between 50% and 80%. Several retrospective studies examined the effectiveness of newborn or infant vaccination (figure 63). 747,748,753,755-762 The level of protection in these studies varies widely, but frequently above 50%. Noteworthy is the study from Zambia, which stratified effectiveness estimates by HIV status, 760 showing that HIV-infected children had no protection as compared to 60% protection among HIV-negative children.
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Chicago Chicago Chicago Bangkok Bangkok Saudi Arabia Bangui Birmingham Canadian Indians Lusaka Asians, UK Papua New Guinea -400 -100 0 30 50 80 90 95 Buenos Aires Rangoon Sri Lanka Lusaka -400 -100 0 30 50 80 90 95 Per cent protection 110 Infants, any form Infants, morbidity Infants, any form Infants, any form Infants, morbidity Per cent protection Figure 62. Results from prospective studies on the efficacy of BCG vaccination against tuberculosis in newborns and infants. 742,743,754 Laboratory confirmed All forms All forms All forms All forms All forms All forms HIV negative All forms All forms All forms All forms HIV positive Figure 63. Results from retrospective studies on the effectiveness of BCG vaccination against tuberculosis in newborns and infants. 747,748,753,755-762
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Tuberculosis Interventions Interven
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Editor International Union Against
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Isoniazid plus rifampicin plus pyra
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4. Preventive chemotherapy . . . .
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Acknowledgments It would not have b
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This monograph deals with the fourt
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��
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contraceptives and anti-retroviral
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is scant. However, the limited evid
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1. Chemotherapy The primary interve
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ability of the drug in the serum of
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emain elusive, 47 the general mecha
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��
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Idiosyncratic reactions from isonia
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tis risk per 1,000 subjects was zer
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��
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��
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Rifampicin may rarely cause pseudom
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• opioids; 292-294 • vitamin K
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Table 4. Summary of adverse reactio
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��
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Effect of drug potentiated by etham
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orne out by experiments which have
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longed respiratory depression follo
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quent adverse drug events are gastr
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Table 9. Grading of activities of a
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��
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Effective or functional monotherapy
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��
Page 68 and 69: drugs with a high therapeutic margi
Page 70 and 71: Council 122 or the individual trial
Page 72 and 73: article. The experiences in Edinbur
Page 74 and 75: Per cent positive 100 80 60 40 20 0
Page 76 and 77: Based on evidence that the addition
Page 78 and 79: esented a major advance in research
Page 80 and 81: cipal consideration is the prevaili
Page 82 and 83: of six months’ duration with ison
Page 84 and 85: Treatment efficacy As enteropathy i
Page 86 and 87: Influence of isoniazid resistance o
Page 88 and 89: • Patients with sputum smear-posi
Page 90 and 91: medications were taken daily throug
Page 92 and 93: of the disease, as alternative drug
Page 94 and 95: Number of cases per 100,000 populat
Page 96 and 97: number of cases, the health care pr
Page 98 and 99: necessary). If the event occurs in
Page 100 and 101: The patient with acute renal toxici
Page 102: and no association with diarrhea. 5
Page 105 and 106: Schools Contacts of new cases Conta
Page 107 and 108: too small to allow a meaningful int
Page 109 and 110: Cases per 1,000 140 120 100 80 60 4
Page 111 and 112: Pasteur, 1921 Moreau, 1924 Tokyo, 1
Page 113 and 114: mendation by WHO states that no pri
Page 115 and 116: the number of person-years of obser
Page 117: • protection afforded by vaccinat
Page 121 and 122: Three retrospective studies among c
Page 123 and 124: Harm / protection (%) 20 0 -20 -40
Page 125 and 126: • Differences in virulence of M.
Page 127 and 128: infected persons may thus mask any
Page 129 and 130: If environmental mycobacteria do in
Page 131 and 132: Relative risk (log scale) 10 3 1 0.
Page 133 and 134: Because BCG vaccination is given ea
Page 135 and 136: the largest purchaser in the world)
Page 137 and 138: made here to provide a comprehensiv
Page 139 and 140: year following commencement of trea
Page 141 and 142: might be expected, therefore, that
Page 143 and 144: tionally considered to belong to gr
Page 145 and 146: Prevention of disease following ces
Page 147 and 148: ��
Page 149 and 150: ��
Page 151 and 152: � ��
Page 153 and 154: Table 11. Preventive therapy - effe
Page 155 and 156: Logistical problems may, however, i
Page 157 and 158: In an uncontrolled study in Zambia,
Page 159 and 160: In none of the nine prospective tri
Page 161 and 162: is not usually an option, this is t
Page 163 and 164: Like other aminoglycosides, amikaci
Page 165 and 166: twice rather than once per day, red
Page 167 and 168: Quinolones Quinolones have a potent
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Rifapentine Rifapentine (cyclopenty
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published a scientific blueprint fo
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to that of isoniazid. 1162 It appea
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Appendix 3 Current vaccine developm
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this type of vaccine may not only p
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15. Goldman AL, Braman SS. Chest 19
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44. Heym B, Alzari PM, Honoré N, C
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76. McCurdy PR, Donohoe RF. Pyridox
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112. Van den Brande P, van Steenber
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147. Murray FJ. Outbreak of unexpec
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183. Acocella G, Conti R, Luisetti
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215. Prazuck T, Fisch A, Simonnet F
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248. Powell-Jackson PR, Jamieson AP
Page 197 and 198:
281. LeBel M, Masson E, Guilbert E,
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310. Yeager RL, Munroe WGC, Dessau
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341. Crowle AJ, Sbarbaro JA, Judson
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376. Graham SM, Daley HM, Salanipon
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410. Paradelis AG, Triantaphyllidis
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443. Nunn P, Kibuga D, Gathua S, Br
Page 209 and 210:
471. Mitchison DA. Basic mechanisms
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501. East African / British Medical
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526. East African / British Medical
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554. Medical Research Council. Five
Page 217 and 218:
580. Nolan CM. Failure of therapy f
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606. Crofton J, Chaulet P, Maher D,
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631. Weis SE, Slocum PC, Blais FX,
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662. Griffith AS. A study of the BC
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695. Horwitz O, Meyer J. The safety
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723. World Health Organization. Rec
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756. Al-Kassimi FA, Al-Hajjaj MS, A
Page 231 and 232:
785. Comstock GW, Webster RG. Tuber
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814. Vynnycky E, Fine PEM. The annu
Page 235 and 236:
843. Talic RF, Hargreve TB, Bishop
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871. Pamra SP, Mathur GP. Effects o
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897. American Thoracic Society, Cen
Page 241 and 242:
924. Elliott AM, Halwiindi B, Bagsh
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957. Escobar JA, Belsey MA, Dueñas
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989. Hoffner SE, Källenius G. Susc
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1021. Helmy B. 220-5. Side effects
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1053. Thomas L, Naumann P, Crea A.
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1083. Perumal VK, Gangadharam PRJ,
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1109. Lucchesi M. L’éthionamide
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1141. Ashtekar DR, Costa-Perira R,
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1165. Oleksijew A, Meulbroek J, Ewi
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1193. Hondalus MK, Bardarov S, Russ
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IMPRESSION, BROCHAGE IMPRIMERIE CHI
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