Interventions for Tuberculosis Control and Elimination 2002

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prophylactic treatment of special populations). Where this has been achieved and maintained over a substantial period of time, a reduction of the prevalence of tuberculous infection by preventive chemotherapy must be considered as the next logical step. Vaccination with BCG will supplement tuberculosis control efforts, particularly in high-burden countries, mainly by reducing disability and death in young children. In this monograph, the approach chosen to discuss the various interventions follows the sequence in the epidemiological model presented elsewhere (figure 2). 1,9 Interventions aim at reducing the impact of those risk factors recognized to promote the progression from one step to the next in the chain of events in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (figure 3). 10 �� 7 �� Figure 3. Model of interventions based on the epidemiology of tuberculosis. Reproduced from 10 by the permission of the publisher Marcel Dekker.
�� 8 �� Figure 4. Sensitivity of sputum smear microscopy in identifying pulmonary tuberculosis among culture-confirmed cases and sensitivity of sputum smear microscopy in identifying transmitters of M. tuberculosis. 11
Page 1 and 2: Tuberculosis Interventions Interven
Page 3 and 4: Editor International Union Against
Page 5 and 6: Isoniazid plus rifampicin plus pyra
Page 7 and 8: 4. Preventive chemotherapy . . . .
Page 10: Acknowledgments It would not have b
Page 13 and 14: This monograph deals with the fourt
Page 15: ��
Page 19 and 20: contraceptives and anti-retroviral
Page 21 and 22: is scant. However, the limited evid
Page 24 and 25: 1. Chemotherapy The primary interve
Page 26 and 27: ability of the drug in the serum of
Page 28 and 29: emain elusive, 47 the general mecha
Page 30 and 31: ��
Page 32 and 33: Idiosyncratic reactions from isonia
Page 34 and 35: tis risk per 1,000 subjects was zer
Page 36 and 37: ��
Page 38 and 39: ��
Page 40 and 41: ��
Page 42 and 43: Rifampicin may rarely cause pseudom
Page 44 and 45: • opioids; 292-294 • vitamin K
Page 46 and 47: Table 4. Summary of adverse reactio
Page 48 and 49: ��
Page 50 and 51: Effect of drug potentiated by etham
Page 52 and 53: orne out by experiments which have
Page 54 and 55: longed respiratory depression follo
Page 56 and 57: quent adverse drug events are gastr
Page 58 and 59: ��
Page 60 and 61: Table 9. Grading of activities of a
Page 62 and 63: ��
Page 64 and 65: Effective or functional monotherapy
Page 66 and 67:
��
Page 68 and 69:
drugs with a high therapeutic margi
Page 70 and 71:
Council 122 or the individual trial
Page 72 and 73:
article. The experiences in Edinbur
Page 74 and 75:
Per cent positive 100 80 60 40 20 0
Page 76 and 77:
Based on evidence that the addition
Page 78 and 79:
esented a major advance in research
Page 80 and 81:
cipal consideration is the prevaili
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of six months’ duration with ison
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Treatment efficacy As enteropathy i
Page 86 and 87:
Influence of isoniazid resistance o
Page 88 and 89:
• Patients with sputum smear-posi
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medications were taken daily throug
Page 92 and 93:
of the disease, as alternative drug
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Number of cases per 100,000 populat
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number of cases, the health care pr
Page 98 and 99:
necessary). If the event occurs in
Page 100 and 101:
The patient with acute renal toxici
Page 102:
and no association with diarrhea. 5
Page 105 and 106:
Schools Contacts of new cases Conta
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too small to allow a meaningful int
Page 109 and 110:
Cases per 1,000 140 120 100 80 60 4
Page 111 and 112:
Pasteur, 1921 Moreau, 1924 Tokyo, 1
Page 113 and 114:
mendation by WHO states that no pri
Page 115 and 116:
the number of person-years of obser
Page 117 and 118:
• protection afforded by vaccinat
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Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Chicago C
Page 121 and 122:
Three retrospective studies among c
Page 123 and 124:
Harm / protection (%) 20 0 -20 -40
Page 125 and 126:
• Differences in virulence of M.
Page 127 and 128:
infected persons may thus mask any
Page 129 and 130:
If environmental mycobacteria do in
Page 131 and 132:
Relative risk (log scale) 10 3 1 0.
Page 133 and 134:
Because BCG vaccination is given ea
Page 135 and 136:
the largest purchaser in the world)
Page 137 and 138:
made here to provide a comprehensiv
Page 139 and 140:
year following commencement of trea
Page 141 and 142:
might be expected, therefore, that
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tionally considered to belong to gr
Page 145 and 146:
Prevention of disease following ces
Page 147 and 148:
��
Page 149 and 150:
��
Page 151 and 152:
� ��
Page 153 and 154:
Table 11. Preventive therapy - effe
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Logistical problems may, however, i
Page 157 and 158:
In an uncontrolled study in Zambia,
Page 159 and 160:
In none of the nine prospective tri
Page 161 and 162:
is not usually an option, this is t
Page 163 and 164:
Like other aminoglycosides, amikaci
Page 165 and 166:
twice rather than once per day, red
Page 167 and 168:
Quinolones Quinolones have a potent
Page 169 and 170:
Rifapentine Rifapentine (cyclopenty
Page 171 and 172:
published a scientific blueprint fo
Page 173 and 174:
to that of isoniazid. 1162 It appea
Page 176 and 177:
Appendix 3 Current vaccine developm
Page 178:
this type of vaccine may not only p
Page 181 and 182:
15. Goldman AL, Braman SS. Chest 19
Page 183 and 184:
44. Heym B, Alzari PM, Honoré N, C
Page 185 and 186:
76. McCurdy PR, Donohoe RF. Pyridox
Page 187 and 188:
112. Van den Brande P, van Steenber
Page 189 and 190:
147. Murray FJ. Outbreak of unexpec
Page 191 and 192:
183. Acocella G, Conti R, Luisetti
Page 193 and 194:
215. Prazuck T, Fisch A, Simonnet F
Page 195 and 196:
248. Powell-Jackson PR, Jamieson AP
Page 197 and 198:
281. LeBel M, Masson E, Guilbert E,
Page 199 and 200:
310. Yeager RL, Munroe WGC, Dessau
Page 201 and 202:
341. Crowle AJ, Sbarbaro JA, Judson
Page 203 and 204:
376. Graham SM, Daley HM, Salanipon
Page 205 and 206:
410. Paradelis AG, Triantaphyllidis
Page 207 and 208:
443. Nunn P, Kibuga D, Gathua S, Br
Page 209 and 210:
471. Mitchison DA. Basic mechanisms
Page 211 and 212:
501. East African / British Medical
Page 213 and 214:
526. East African / British Medical
Page 215 and 216:
554. Medical Research Council. Five
Page 217 and 218:
580. Nolan CM. Failure of therapy f
Page 219 and 220:
606. Crofton J, Chaulet P, Maher D,
Page 221 and 222:
631. Weis SE, Slocum PC, Blais FX,
Page 223 and 224:
662. Griffith AS. A study of the BC
Page 225 and 226:
695. Horwitz O, Meyer J. The safety
Page 227 and 228:
723. World Health Organization. Rec
Page 229 and 230:
756. Al-Kassimi FA, Al-Hajjaj MS, A
Page 231 and 232:
785. Comstock GW, Webster RG. Tuber
Page 233 and 234:
814. Vynnycky E, Fine PEM. The annu
Page 235 and 236:
843. Talic RF, Hargreve TB, Bishop
Page 237 and 238:
871. Pamra SP, Mathur GP. Effects o
Page 239 and 240:
897. American Thoracic Society, Cen
Page 241 and 242:
924. Elliott AM, Halwiindi B, Bagsh
Page 243 and 244:
957. Escobar JA, Belsey MA, Dueñas
Page 245 and 246:
989. Hoffner SE, Källenius G. Susc
Page 247 and 248:
1021. Helmy B. 220-5. Side effects
Page 249 and 250:
1053. Thomas L, Naumann P, Crea A.
Page 251 and 252:
1083. Perumal VK, Gangadharam PRJ,
Page 253 and 254:
1109. Lucchesi M. L’éthionamide
Page 255 and 256:
1141. Ashtekar DR, Costa-Perira R,
Page 257 and 258:
1165. Oleksijew A, Meulbroek J, Ewi
Page 259 and 260:
1193. Hondalus MK, Bardarov S, Russ
Page 262:
IMPRESSION, BROCHAGE IMPRIMERIE CHI
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