Interventions for Tuberculosis Control and Elimination 2002

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Ulleval Engl<strong>and</strong> South Africa Madanapelle Chingleput Karonga District -400 -100 0 30 50 80 90 95 Per cent protection 113 Nurses Adolescents Mine workers Adults Adults, Pulmonary Culture confirmed Adults, first or second vaccination Figure 67. Results from prospective studies on the efficacy of BCG vaccination against tuberculosis in adults. 668,670,763-765,767,768,771-778 The two retrospective studies show a protective effectiveness of 10% 779 <strong>and</strong> close to 60%, 780 respectively (figure 70). These studies seem to indicate that vaccination of adolescents or adults is rarely a useful intervention. Protection (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 Year of follow-up Figure 68. Protection from BCG vaccination among British school children during follow-up. 776
Harm / protection (%) 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 Protection Harm 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 Year of follow-up Figure 69. Protection from BCG vaccination in Chingleput, India during followup. 765 Canadian Indians Chile Per cent protection Protection conferred by BCG vaccination across various age groups Of the seven clinical trials studying protective efficacy across a wide range of age groups, with a preponderance of persons other than infants, two showed a high level of protection, of around 80%, while all of the others showed little or no protection (figure 71). 738,763-765,767,768,781-787 These observations reconfirm that utilization of BCG vaccination in age groups other than infants is rarely an effective intervention. One retrospective study from the Gambia reported that 35 patients among 200 without a BCG scar died during chemotherapy, while none of 114 Any age Case-control Adults Case-control -400 -100 0 30 50 80 90 95 Figure 70. Results from retrospective studies on the efficacy of BCG vaccination against tuberculosis in adults. 779,780
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Tuberculosis Interventions Interven
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Editor International Union Against
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Isoniazid plus rifampicin plus pyra
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4. Preventive chemotherapy . . . .
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Acknowledgments It would not have b
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This monograph deals with the fourt
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��
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contraceptives and anti-retroviral
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is scant. However, the limited evid
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1. Chemotherapy The primary interve
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ability of the drug in the serum of
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emain elusive, 47 the general mecha
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Idiosyncratic reactions from isonia
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tis risk per 1,000 subjects was zer
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Rifampicin may rarely cause pseudom
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• opioids; 292-294 • vitamin K
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Table 4. Summary of adverse reactio
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Effect of drug potentiated by etham
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orne out by experiments which have
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longed respiratory depression follo
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quent adverse drug events are gastr
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Table 9. Grading of activities of a
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Effective or functional monotherapy
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drugs with a high therapeutic margi
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Council 122 or the individual trial
Page 72 and 73: article. The experiences in Edinbur
Page 74 and 75: Per cent positive 100 80 60 40 20 0
Page 76 and 77: Based on evidence that the addition
Page 78 and 79: esented a major advance in research
Page 80 and 81: cipal consideration is the prevaili
Page 82 and 83: of six months’ duration with ison
Page 84 and 85: Treatment efficacy As enteropathy i
Page 86 and 87: Influence of isoniazid resistance o
Page 88 and 89: • Patients with sputum smear-posi
Page 90 and 91: medications were taken daily throug
Page 92 and 93: of the disease, as alternative drug
Page 94 and 95: Number of cases per 100,000 populat
Page 96 and 97: number of cases, the health care pr
Page 98 and 99: necessary). If the event occurs in
Page 100 and 101: The patient with acute renal toxici
Page 102: and no association with diarrhea. 5
Page 105 and 106: Schools Contacts of new cases Conta
Page 107 and 108: too small to allow a meaningful int
Page 109 and 110: Cases per 1,000 140 120 100 80 60 4
Page 111 and 112: Pasteur, 1921 Moreau, 1924 Tokyo, 1
Page 113 and 114: mendation by WHO states that no pri
Page 115 and 116: the number of person-years of obser
Page 117 and 118: • protection afforded by vaccinat
Page 119 and 120: Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Chicago C
Page 121: Three retrospective studies among c
Page 125 and 126: • Differences in virulence of M.
Page 127 and 128: infected persons may thus mask any
Page 129 and 130: If environmental mycobacteria do in
Page 131 and 132: Relative risk (log scale) 10 3 1 0.
Page 133 and 134: Because BCG vaccination is given ea
Page 135 and 136: the largest purchaser in the world)
Page 137 and 138: made here to provide a comprehensiv
Page 139 and 140: year following commencement of trea
Page 141 and 142: might be expected, therefore, that
Page 143 and 144: tionally considered to belong to gr
Page 145 and 146: Prevention of disease following ces
Page 147 and 148: ��
Page 149 and 150: ��
Page 151 and 152: � ��
Page 153 and 154: Table 11. Preventive therapy - effe
Page 155 and 156: Logistical problems may, however, i
Page 157 and 158: In an uncontrolled study in Zambia,
Page 159 and 160: In none of the nine prospective tri
Page 161 and 162: is not usually an option, this is t
Page 163 and 164: Like other aminoglycosides, amikaci
Page 165 and 166: twice rather than once per day, red
Page 167 and 168: Quinolones Quinolones have a potent
Page 169 and 170: Rifapentine Rifapentine (cyclopenty
Page 171 and 172: published a scientific blueprint fo
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to that of isoniazid. 1162 It appea
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Appendix 3 Current vaccine developm
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this type of vaccine may not only p
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15. Goldman AL, Braman SS. Chest 19
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44. Heym B, Alzari PM, Honoré N, C
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76. McCurdy PR, Donohoe RF. Pyridox
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112. Van den Brande P, van Steenber
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147. Murray FJ. Outbreak of unexpec
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183. Acocella G, Conti R, Luisetti
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215. Prazuck T, Fisch A, Simonnet F
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248. Powell-Jackson PR, Jamieson AP
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281. LeBel M, Masson E, Guilbert E,
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310. Yeager RL, Munroe WGC, Dessau
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341. Crowle AJ, Sbarbaro JA, Judson
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376. Graham SM, Daley HM, Salanipon
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410. Paradelis AG, Triantaphyllidis
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443. Nunn P, Kibuga D, Gathua S, Br
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471. Mitchison DA. Basic mechanisms
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501. East African / British Medical
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526. East African / British Medical
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554. Medical Research Council. Five
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580. Nolan CM. Failure of therapy f
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606. Crofton J, Chaulet P, Maher D,
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631. Weis SE, Slocum PC, Blais FX,
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662. Griffith AS. A study of the BC
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695. Horwitz O, Meyer J. The safety
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723. World Health Organization. Rec
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756. Al-Kassimi FA, Al-Hajjaj MS, A
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785. Comstock GW, Webster RG. Tuber
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814. Vynnycky E, Fine PEM. The annu
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843. Talic RF, Hargreve TB, Bishop
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871. Pamra SP, Mathur GP. Effects o
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897. American Thoracic Society, Cen
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924. Elliott AM, Halwiindi B, Bagsh
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957. Escobar JA, Belsey MA, Dueñas
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989. Hoffner SE, Källenius G. Susc
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1021. Helmy B. 220-5. Side effects
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1053. Thomas L, Naumann P, Crea A.
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1083. Perumal VK, Gangadharam PRJ,
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1109. Lucchesi M. L’éthionamide
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1141. Ashtekar DR, Costa-Perira R,
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1165. Oleksijew A, Meulbroek J, Ewi
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1193. Hondalus MK, Bardarov S, Russ
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IMPRESSION, BROCHAGE IMPRIMERIE CHI
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