Interventions for Tuberculosis Control and Elimination 2002

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The patient with impaired hearing or impaired balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 The patient with impaired vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 The patient with gastrointestinal malabsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 The pregnant patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2. Prophylactic treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Rationale and experiences with prophylactic treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Indications and recommendations for the use of prophylactic treatment . . . . . 96 3. Vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Early vaccine development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Vaccination with Mycobacterium chelonae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Vaccination with BCG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Vaccine development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 The BCG strain family. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Safety record of BCG vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Management of adverse reactions due to BCG vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Efficacy and effectiveness of BCG vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Prospective and retrospective studies on BCG vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Protection conferred by BCG vaccination against disseminated and meningeal tuberculosis, and against death from tuberculosis . . . 108 Protection conferred by BCG vaccination of newborns and infants . . . 109 Protection conferred by BCG vaccination of children over one year of age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Protection conferred by BCG vaccination among adolescents and adults . . 112 Protection conferred by BCG vaccination across various age groups . . 114 Hypotheses about the variation in the efficacy of BCG vaccination . . . . . 115 Differences in methodological stringency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Differences in vaccine strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Differences in vaccine dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Differences in virulence of M. tuberculosis strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Differences in risk attributable to exogenous re-infection tuberculosis. . 118 Differences in genetic make-up of vaccinees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Differences in nutritional status of vaccinees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Differences in prevalence of infection with environmental mycobacteria . . 119 Other factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 BCG revaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Effects of BCG other than those directed against tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Indications and recommendations for the use of BCG vaccination. . . . . . . . . 123 V
4. Preventive chemotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Prevention of disease in tuberculin skin test reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Prevention of disease in persons with risk factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Recently acquired infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Spontaneously healed tuberculosis with fibrotic residuals . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Silicosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Renal failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Prevention of disease following cessation of preventive chemotherapy . . . . . . 136 Prevention of disease with different durations of treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Prevention of disease with alternatives to isoniazid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Rifampicin and rifampicin combinations in comparison to placebo . . . . . . 140 Rifampicin and rifampicin combinations in comparison to isoniazid . . . . . 141 Effectiveness of preventive chemotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Indications and recommendations for the use of preventive chemotherapy . . . . 145 Appendix 1 – Adjunctive treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Adjunctive therapy with corticosteroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Pulmonary tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Extrapulmonary tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Tuberculosis of serous membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Pleural tuberculosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Pericardial tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Peritoneal tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Meningeal tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Corticosteroid treatment in other forms of tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 The role of surgery in the chemotherapy era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Surgical treatment in respiratory tract tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Tuberculous pyopneumothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Pleural tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Surgical treatment in tuberculosis of the spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Appendix 2 – Active agents other than essential drugs and drug classes (second-line drugs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Aminoglycosides (other than streptomycin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Amikacin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Kanamycin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Capreomycin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Cycloserine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 VI
Page 1 and 2: Tuberculosis Interventions Interven
Page 3 and 4: Editor International Union Against
Page 5: Isoniazid plus rifampicin plus pyra
Page 10: Acknowledgments It would not have b
Page 13 and 14: This monograph deals with the fourt
Page 15 and 16: ��
Page 17 and 18: ��
Page 19 and 20: contraceptives and anti-retroviral
Page 21 and 22: is scant. However, the limited evid
Page 24 and 25: 1. Chemotherapy The primary interve
Page 26 and 27: ability of the drug in the serum of
Page 28 and 29: emain elusive, 47 the general mecha
Page 30 and 31: ��
Page 32 and 33: Idiosyncratic reactions from isonia
Page 34 and 35: tis risk per 1,000 subjects was zer
Page 36 and 37: ��
Page 38 and 39: ��
Page 40 and 41: ��
Page 42 and 43: Rifampicin may rarely cause pseudom
Page 44 and 45: • opioids; 292-294 • vitamin K
Page 46 and 47: Table 4. Summary of adverse reactio
Page 48 and 49: ��
Page 50 and 51: Effect of drug potentiated by etham
Page 52 and 53: orne out by experiments which have
Page 54 and 55: longed respiratory depression follo
Page 56 and 57:
quent adverse drug events are gastr
Page 58 and 59:
��
Page 60 and 61:
Table 9. Grading of activities of a
Page 62 and 63:
��
Page 64 and 65:
Effective or functional monotherapy
Page 66 and 67:
��
Page 68 and 69:
drugs with a high therapeutic margi
Page 70 and 71:
Council 122 or the individual trial
Page 72 and 73:
article. The experiences in Edinbur
Page 74 and 75:
Per cent positive 100 80 60 40 20 0
Page 76 and 77:
Based on evidence that the addition
Page 78 and 79:
esented a major advance in research
Page 80 and 81:
cipal consideration is the prevaili
Page 82 and 83:
of six months’ duration with ison
Page 84 and 85:
Treatment efficacy As enteropathy i
Page 86 and 87:
Influence of isoniazid resistance o
Page 88 and 89:
• Patients with sputum smear-posi
Page 90 and 91:
medications were taken daily throug
Page 92 and 93:
of the disease, as alternative drug
Page 94 and 95:
Number of cases per 100,000 populat
Page 96 and 97:
number of cases, the health care pr
Page 98 and 99:
necessary). If the event occurs in
Page 100 and 101:
The patient with acute renal toxici
Page 102:
and no association with diarrhea. 5
Page 105 and 106:
Schools Contacts of new cases Conta
Page 107 and 108:
too small to allow a meaningful int
Page 109 and 110:
Cases per 1,000 140 120 100 80 60 4
Page 111 and 112:
Pasteur, 1921 Moreau, 1924 Tokyo, 1
Page 113 and 114:
mendation by WHO states that no pri
Page 115 and 116:
the number of person-years of obser
Page 117 and 118:
• protection afforded by vaccinat
Page 119 and 120:
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Chicago C
Page 121 and 122:
Three retrospective studies among c
Page 123 and 124:
Harm / protection (%) 20 0 -20 -40
Page 125 and 126:
• Differences in virulence of M.
Page 127 and 128:
infected persons may thus mask any
Page 129 and 130:
If environmental mycobacteria do in
Page 131 and 132:
Relative risk (log scale) 10 3 1 0.
Page 133 and 134:
Because BCG vaccination is given ea
Page 135 and 136:
the largest purchaser in the world)
Page 137 and 138:
made here to provide a comprehensiv
Page 139 and 140:
year following commencement of trea
Page 141 and 142:
might be expected, therefore, that
Page 143 and 144:
tionally considered to belong to gr
Page 145 and 146:
Prevention of disease following ces
Page 147 and 148:
��
Page 149 and 150:
��
Page 151 and 152:
� ��
Page 153 and 154:
Table 11. Preventive therapy - effe
Page 155 and 156:
Logistical problems may, however, i
Page 157 and 158:
In an uncontrolled study in Zambia,
Page 159 and 160:
In none of the nine prospective tri
Page 161 and 162:
is not usually an option, this is t
Page 163 and 164:
Like other aminoglycosides, amikaci
Page 165 and 166:
twice rather than once per day, red
Page 167 and 168:
Quinolones Quinolones have a potent
Page 169 and 170:
Rifapentine Rifapentine (cyclopenty
Page 171 and 172:
published a scientific blueprint fo
Page 173 and 174:
to that of isoniazid. 1162 It appea
Page 176 and 177:
Appendix 3 Current vaccine developm
Page 178:
this type of vaccine may not only p
Page 181 and 182:
15. Goldman AL, Braman SS. Chest 19
Page 183 and 184:
44. Heym B, Alzari PM, Honoré N, C
Page 185 and 186:
76. McCurdy PR, Donohoe RF. Pyridox
Page 187 and 188:
112. Van den Brande P, van Steenber
Page 189 and 190:
147. Murray FJ. Outbreak of unexpec
Page 191 and 192:
183. Acocella G, Conti R, Luisetti
Page 193 and 194:
215. Prazuck T, Fisch A, Simonnet F
Page 195 and 196:
248. Powell-Jackson PR, Jamieson AP
Page 197 and 198:
281. LeBel M, Masson E, Guilbert E,
Page 199 and 200:
310. Yeager RL, Munroe WGC, Dessau
Page 201 and 202:
341. Crowle AJ, Sbarbaro JA, Judson
Page 203 and 204:
376. Graham SM, Daley HM, Salanipon
Page 205 and 206:
410. Paradelis AG, Triantaphyllidis
Page 207 and 208:
443. Nunn P, Kibuga D, Gathua S, Br
Page 209 and 210:
471. Mitchison DA. Basic mechanisms
Page 211 and 212:
501. East African / British Medical
Page 213 and 214:
526. East African / British Medical
Page 215 and 216:
554. Medical Research Council. Five
Page 217 and 218:
580. Nolan CM. Failure of therapy f
Page 219 and 220:
606. Crofton J, Chaulet P, Maher D,
Page 221 and 222:
631. Weis SE, Slocum PC, Blais FX,
Page 223 and 224:
662. Griffith AS. A study of the BC
Page 225 and 226:
695. Horwitz O, Meyer J. The safety
Page 227 and 228:
723. World Health Organization. Rec
Page 229 and 230:
756. Al-Kassimi FA, Al-Hajjaj MS, A
Page 231 and 232:
785. Comstock GW, Webster RG. Tuber
Page 233 and 234:
814. Vynnycky E, Fine PEM. The annu
Page 235 and 236:
843. Talic RF, Hargreve TB, Bishop
Page 237 and 238:
871. Pamra SP, Mathur GP. Effects o
Page 239 and 240:
897. American Thoracic Society, Cen
Page 241 and 242:
924. Elliott AM, Halwiindi B, Bagsh
Page 243 and 244:
957. Escobar JA, Belsey MA, Dueñas
Page 245 and 246:
989. Hoffner SE, Källenius G. Susc
Page 247 and 248:
1021. Helmy B. 220-5. Side effects
Page 249 and 250:
1053. Thomas L, Naumann P, Crea A.
Page 251 and 252:
1083. Perumal VK, Gangadharam PRJ,
Page 253 and 254:
1109. Lucchesi M. L’éthionamide
Page 255 and 256:
1141. Ashtekar DR, Costa-Perira R,
Page 257 and 258:
1165. Oleksijew A, Meulbroek J, Ewi
Page 259 and 260:
1193. Hondalus MK, Bardarov S, Russ
Page 262:
IMPRESSION, BROCHAGE IMPRIMERIE CHI
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