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Darwin, Darwinism, and Evolution in the Twentieth Century Episcopal bishop of Newark between 1976 and 2000, ‘‘we are living in a post-Darwinian world.’’ 11 Both men were drawing attention to the profound significance of Darwin’s theory. Although descent by modification would not be the foundation of the theory of evolution without the work of many scientists, the man who proposed the idea must receive the appropriate credit. In the twentieth century, the connection between genetics and evolution would not be complete without the work of Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958), Francis Crick (1916–2004), and James Watson (1928–) on the structure of DNA. Measuring the age of the Earth in billions rather than a few million years would not have been possible without the research on light and relativity by Albert Einstein (1879–1955) and Henri Poincare (1854–1912). The whole community of scientists, not just biologists or naturalists, was responsible for working out the details of the theory of evolution in the twentieth century. No individual can claim preeminence for his or her contribution. All were vital. However, Darwin deserves a position of prominence among these scientists because it was his work that stimulated so much of the scientific research and writing on evolution in the twentieth century. Darwin’s legacy was that his ideas in The Origin of Species were still being debated and applied. Sometimes these discussions resulted in developments that would be repudiated later in the century—the Eugenics Movement, for example. For some in the twentieth century, Darwin’s ideas could not be reconciled with their beliefs, and they continued to oppose evolution. In other developments, scientists seemed to be finding ways for humans to better understand themselves and their surroundings. The work of ecologists, sociobiologists, and evolutionary psychologists led to a recognition that humankind should recognize itself as part of nature rather than the lord of nature. As the many reactions to his work demonstrated, Darwin and The Origin of Species were among the major topics of debate in the twentieth century. 85 Notes 1. Edward J. Larson, Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 3–8. 2. Vernon Faithfull Storr, Freedom and Tradition: A Study of Liberal Evangelicalism (London: Nisbet and Co. Ltd., 1940), 1230–1231. 3. William Jennings Bryan, In His Image (New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1922), 88.
86 CHARLES DARWIN AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 4. Jeffrey P. Moran, The Scopes Trial: A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002), 53. 5. William Bateson, Problems of Genetics (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1913), vii. 6. Huxley, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis, 13. 7. Gould, Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), 12. 8. Raymond Dart, ‘‘Australopithecus africanus: The Man-Ape of South Africa,’’ Nature 105 (February 1925): 195–199. 9. Darwin, The Descent of Man, I: 199. 10. Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe without Design (New York: W. W. Norton, Inc., 1986; reprint, W. W. Norton, 1996), xi. 11. John Selby Spong, Interview with Penny Nelson, Forum, KQED Radio, 22 October 2001.
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Charles Darwin and The Origin of Sp
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Charles Darwin and The Origin of Sp
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CONTENTS Series Foreword by Linda S
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viii Series Foreword Atlantic slave
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PREFACE In 1985, the Italian scient
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Preface always right. As one of Dar
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xvi Chronology 27 December: HMS Bea
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xviii September: A Monograph on the
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xx 8 March: Gregor Mendel presents
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xxii 1909 William Bateson coins the
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CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW: THE IMPACT OF C
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Overview Egerton, the Earl of Bridg
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Overview important to remember. Dar
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Overview of America. Columbus was n
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Overview in a way that humans can e
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Overview human institutions progres
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Overview 9. The elimination of a di
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16 CHARLES DARWIN AND THE ORIGIN OF
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160 Glossary of Selected Terms up b
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162 Glossary of Selected Terms Muta
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164 Glossary of Selected Terms Spec
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Darwin’s M
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Annotated Bibliography ———. A
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Annotated Bibliography full (with a
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Annotated Bibliography Keynes, Rich
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Annotated Bibliography to support M
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Annotated Bibliography Lamarck, Jea
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Annotated Bibliography Dawkins, Ric
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Annotated Bibliography Shrewsbury S
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Annotated Bibliography Quammen, Dav
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Annotated Bibliography Islands and
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INDEX Academie des sciences, France
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Index The Descent of Man, 4; delay
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Index The Origin of Species: argume
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About the Author KEITH A. FRANCIS i
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