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BIOGRAPHIES: PERSONALITIES IMPORTANT TO DARWIN AND DARWINISM Emma Darwin (2 May 1808–1 October 1896) Emma Darwin was the daughter of Josiah Wedgwood II, the pottery magnate, and Charles Darwin’s wife. Emma was also Darwin’s cousin: Josiah Wedgwood was Darwin’s favorite uncle whom he affectionately called Uncle Jos. Emma was probably the most important nonscientist in Darwin’s life. Darwin married her because he valued and desired female companionship and she was a best friend as well as a spouse. Darwin sought her judgment on his scientific work—she read and commented on the manuscript of his unpublished work on natural selection and the manuscript for The Origin of Species—as well as on domestic decisions such as buying Down House. Emma was an orthodox Christian by Victorian standards; one reason Darwin did not discuss the origins of humans in The Origin of Species was respect for Emma’s belief that God created humankind (as stated in the Bible). Emma and Charles Darwin were a little unusual for the Victorian period because theirs was a relationship of equals. (It helped that they had known each other since childhood.) For example, in 1844, Darwin gave Emma the task of finding someone to edit and expand his manuscript on the origin of species if he died prematurely.
96 Biographies Emma provided stability in Darwin’s life. She insisted that Darwin take care of his health, convincing him to take holidays or seek specialist help when he became too ill. Emma read to Darwin on most evenings so that he could continue to enjoy nonscientific books without the strain of more reading. Emma also played the piano to Darwin to help him relax. Most important, Emma managed the household (which included children and servants) so that Darwin was able to concentrate on his scientific work. After Darwin died in 1882, Emma continued to live in Down House until her own death in 1896. With the visits of children and grandchildren she continued to be what she had been since her marriage to Charles in 1839: the fulcrum of the Darwin family. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (16 December 1805–10 November 1861) Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire was one of several worldrenowned French scientists of the first half of the nineteenth century, along with Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), Henri Milne-Edwards (1800–1885), and Alphonse De Candolle (1806–1893). Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire’s work on monstrosities, major deformities in animals, was a critical component of Darwin’s theory of mutation. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire argued that monstrosities were more common that naturalists had recognized previously. Darwin used this idea to argue that the number of species was not fixed: varieties of species, including those with monstrosities, were evolving into new species. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire was born into a scientific family. His father Etienne (1772–1844) was a prominent zoologist. Isidore followed his father into zoology and even Isidore’s research on deformities in organisms was a continuation of work begun by his father. Also like his father, he became professor of zoology at the Museum d’Histoire naturelle [Natural History Museum] in Paris (1841–1850). The importance of Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire’s seminal work on anomalies and abnormalities in the structure of organisms was recognized during his life. He was elected to the prestigious Academie des sciences [Academy of Science] in 1833. He was director of the Menagerie de Jardin des Plantes [Zoo of the Botanical Garden] in Paris (1841–1861) and professor of zoology at the Sorbonne (1851– 1861), the foremost university in France. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire coined the term teratology, the study of major abnormalities in organic beings. He wrote several important
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Charles Darwin and The Origin of Sp
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Charles Darwin and The Origin of Sp
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CONTENTS Series Foreword by Linda S
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viii Series Foreword Atlantic slave
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PREFACE In 1985, the Italian scient
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Preface always right. As one of Dar
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xvi Chronology 27 December: HMS Bea
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xviii September: A Monograph on the
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xx 8 March: Gregor Mendel presents
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xxii 1909 William Bateson coins the
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CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW: THE IMPACT OF C
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Overview Egerton, the Earl of Bridg
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Overview important to remember. Dar
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Overview of America. Columbus was n
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Overview in a way that humans can e
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Overview human institutions progres
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Overview 9. The elimination of a di
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16 CHARLES DARWIN AND THE ORIGIN OF
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Page 69 and 70: 44 CHARLES DARWIN AND THE ORIGIN OF
Page 86 and 87: CHAPTER 4 THE RECEPTION OF DARWIN
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Primary Documents Relating to Darwi
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160 Glossary of Selected Terms up b
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162 Glossary of Selected Terms Muta
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164 Glossary of Selected Terms Spec
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Darwin’s M
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Annotated Bibliography ———. A
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Annotated Bibliography full (with a
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Annotated Bibliography Keynes, Rich
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Annotated Bibliography to support M
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Annotated Bibliography Lamarck, Jea
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Annotated Bibliography Dawkins, Ric
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Annotated Bibliography Shrewsbury S
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Annotated Bibliography Quammen, Dav
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Annotated Bibliography Islands and
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INDEX Academie des sciences, France
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Index The Descent of Man, 4; delay
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Index The Origin of Species: argume
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About the Author KEITH A. FRANCIS i
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