URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

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124 ECONOMIC REPORT ON AFRICA 2017 HOUSING AND INFRASTRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION Growth in construction, particularly for housing and urban infrastructure, reflects rising urban demand. Housing is a major source of wealth creation and savings, with investments accounting for 6 per cent of GDP, and for each house built, five jobs can be created (World Bank, 2015). Housing, through backward linkages, can encourage construction industries to form, including basic industries such as cement and steel. With the expanding housing and construction sector and sophistication of the real estate market, there will be good prospects to develop industry further by upgrading skills, Growth in construction, particularly for housing and urban infrastructure, reflects rising urban demand. developing design, contracting and consulting capacities. African per capita spending on housing in urban areas is consistently higher than in rural areas (figure 4.5), pointing to growing opportunities. Figure 4.5 Urban and rural expenditure on housing, 2010, selected African countries 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 $ PER PERSON Gabon Namibia Morocco Lesotho Swaziland Mauritius Congo, Rep. Zambia Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Kenya Uganda Rwanda Mauritania Malawi Nigeria Mozambique Sierra Leone Burkina Faso Niger Mali Ghana Ethiopia Cameroon Liberia Madagascar Chad Guinea Gambia Benin Tanzania Urban Rural Source: Based on Centre for Affordable Housing Finance in Africa; World Development Indicators. Note: The ratio compares a housing price below the median and an income above the median (implying that the picture is worse than depicted).
But for the construction sector to respond to the large and growing demand for urban housing, the right institutional factors must be in place. UN-Habitat (2010a) defines seven: authorizations, land, infrastructure and municipal services, public facilities and community services, labour force, building materials and finance. Strategies to expand housing and construction employment should focus on reforming regulatory barriers and supporting education and training, particularly for women and youth. The sector is struggling in many countries: numerous institutional problems ensure an inefficient supply chain and expensive housing units, highlighting the need to remove regulatory barriers. Housing is 55 per cent more expensive in urban Africa than in other developing countries’ urban areas (Dasgupta, Lall and Lozano-Gracia, 2014). The typical house price to income ratio globally ranges between 3:1 and 5:1, but often in Africa, even for public service employees whose average income is higher than the majority’s, the ratio goes above 10:1, which is far above the 4:1 threshold that development practitioners suggest signals a serious problem with housing supply (Bertaud, 2015). The cheapest formally built housing, too, is much higher in Africa on the house price to income ratio than in other developing regions (figure 4.6). Figure 4.6 Ratio of cheapest formally built house price to GDP per capita, 2013 Ratio of price of cheapest formally built house to per capita GDP No data 0.0 - 3.0 3.1 - 4.0 4.1 - 10.0 10.1 - 50.0 50.1 - 100.0 > 100 THE URBANIZATION–INDUSTRIALIZATION NEXUS Source: Based on Global Consumption Database. 125
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URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
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CCONTENTS LIST OF BOXES, FIGURES &
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chapter 5 URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRI
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CHAPTER 1 (CONT) Figure 1.11 Growth
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CHAPTER 4 BOXES Box 4.1 Drivers, en
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED AEO AfDB
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UN-Habitat UNICEF US USAID WDI WTO
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The lead consultant, Mr. Gulelat Ke
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FFOREWORD Urbanization is a mega-tr
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articulated. Yet, industrial target
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harnessing opportunities from rapid
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A diverse urban system can offer in
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Cities and urban agglomerations sho
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Figure 1.1 Economic growth in Afric
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In 2016, the generally weak world e
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Box 1.2 SOME POLICY RESPONSES OF AF
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year, driven by slower growth in Al
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associated with a decline in the va
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Figure 1.7 Productivity growth by A
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AFRICA’S CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT
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lower global prices of oil and food
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about 4 and 5.5 percentage points,
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Box 1.3 THE CONTINENTAL FREE TRADE
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Figure 1.15 Gross domestic savings,
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are seeking to finance public inves
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Figure 1.19 Africa’s growth prosp
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Box 1.4 CHINA’S ENGAGEMENT IN AFR
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REFERENCES AfDB-OECD-UNDP 2016. Afr
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58 ECONOMIC REPORT ON AFRICA 2017 2
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60 ECONOMIC REPORT ON AFRICA 2017 F
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62 ECONOMIC REPORT ON AFRICA 2017 F
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64 ECONOMIC REPORT ON AFRICA 2017 a
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66 ECONOMIC REPORT ON AFRICA 2017 P
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68 Table 2.5 Total fertility rate p
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70 ECONOMIC REPORT ON AFRICA 2017 2
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72 Table 2.7 Change in gender gap i
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Page 119 and 120: Figure 4.1 The urbanization-industr
Page 121 and 122: 4.1 DRIVERS: URBAN DEMAND AND SHIFT
Page 123: FOOD VALUE CHAIN AND RURAL-URBAN LI
Page 127 and 128: The link between GDP and formal hou
Page 129 and 130: Figure 4.7 Employment in constructi
Page 131 and 132: More recent theories of industrial
Page 133 and 134: Table 4.3 Results of selected econo
Page 135 and 136: expensive interventions to support
Page 137 and 138: Figure 4.9 Top two ranked countries
Page 139 and 140: study 16 —makes the following con
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.4 Industrial sector charact
Page 143 and 144: Box 4.5 A PATH TO FORMALIZATION Suc
Page 145 and 146: Arusha, Tanzania Beira, Mozambique
Page 147 and 148: lengthening travel times and creati
Page 149 and 150: in South Asia (Yepes, Pierce and Fo
Page 151 and 152: ҋҋ Linking sector strategies, nat
Page 153 and 154: Agglomeration economies are powerfu
Page 155 and 156: Gutman, J., A. Sy and S. Chattopadh
Page 157 and 158: ENDNOTES 1 The link between urbaniz
Page 159 and 160: Still, policies that are well targe
Page 161 and 162: Figure 5.1 50,000 Four basic countr
Page 163 and 164: 5.2 USING URBAN DEMAND TO DRIVE IND
Page 165 and 166: BOX 5.1 CONT. GRANTING POLICY SUPPO
Page 167 and 168: uilding superstructures are often r
Page 169 and 170: Box 5.3 RWANDA’S TRADEABLE SERVIC
Page 171 and 172: the surrounding fertile agricultura
Page 173 and 174: Despite urban primacy, secondary ci
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REPUBLIC OF CONGO A functional urba
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5.4 OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO AGGLOMER
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Box 5.5 COST-EFFECTIVE AND FAIR TEN
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Even non-BRT systems can improve tr
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in the economy as a whole, through
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5.5 INTEGRATED POLICIES TO LINK URB
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To foster industrialization, polici
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evenue is only 15.6 per cent of its
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REFERENCES Ackah, C., C. Adjasi and
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NISR (National Institute of Statist
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196 ECONOMIC REPORT ON AFRICA 2017
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202 Table 6.1 Costs and benefits of
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Despite the recent slowdown of the
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