URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

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144 ECONOMIC REPORT ON AFRICA 2017 Figure 4.11 An isolated housing development south of Nairobi along Mombasa Highway Source: Satellite imagery by Google. Urban areas are already sprawling on the periphery of many cities with isolated gated community developments (figure 4.10), prompting the questions: Who has access to the new African city? Only those with cars and smart phones? Will technology in fact help to overcome the formal/informal and rich/poor dualisms facing African cities—or to deepen them? It would seem that African cities have considerable opportunities for smart growth, 17 particularly as the bulk of infrastructure for the next few decades of population growth has yet to be built (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2016). African cities are well positioned to avoid the mistakes and negative externalities dampening growth and social development in cities in the Americas and Asia. The new African city can be smarter and more efficient, avoiding the costly retrofitting required in many of the world’s more recently established cities. African cities are well positioned to avoid the mistakes and negative externalities dampening growth and social development in cities in the Americas and Asia. Many African cities also have leeway to grow in a socially, environmentally and economically sustainable pattern, avoiding the mistakes of other regions. African countries tend to have very low carbon footprints, with many countries emitting less than 1 ton per capita. 18 Under the right policies, carbon emissions will not have the same relationship with economic growth as seen in the Americas and Asia. Similarly, although recent studies show that built-up land around cities is expanding faster than population growth, per capita urban land use in Africa is lower than the world average and increasing more slowly than the global pace, with 14 per cent growth versus 26 per cent between 1990 and 2015 (figure 4.12 shows selected African cities). This presents an opportunity for African cities to pursue a different development model from the more recent western development trajectory, characterized as it is by caroriented development. Guiding Africa’s urban development in this direction will require policymakers to devote more attention to urban land use and transport. Even in the new technological age they must not neglect the fundamentals, as technology will shape cities,
Arusha, Tanzania Beira, Mozambique Kinshasa, DRC Port Elizabeth, South Africa Figure 4.12 Per capita land consumption, selected cities in Africa 400 350 1990 2000 2015 300 SQUARE METERS 250 200 150 100 50 0 Ndola, Zambia Accra, Ghana Kampala, Uganda Luanda, Angola Nakuru, Kenya Algiers, Algeria Source: UN-Habitat and New York University (2016). Table 4.5 Cost of living, Africa’s 15 most expensive cities RANK IN AFRICA CITY GLOBAL RANK COUNTRY GDP PER CAPITA ($) MORE EXPENSIVE THAN…A 1 Luanda, Angola 2 4,102 Zurich, Switzerland ($80,215) 2 Kinshasa, DRC 6 456 Shanghai, China ($7,925) 3 N'Djamena, Chad 9 776 New York City, United States ($55,837) 4 Lagos, Nigeria 13 2,640 Seoul, Republic of Korea ($27,222) 5 Victoria, Seychelles 16 15,476 London, United Kingdom ($43,734) 6 Abuja, Nigeria 20 2,640 Dubai, UAE ($40,438) 7 Brazzaville, Congo, Rep. 23 1,851 Copenhagen, Denmark ($52,002) 8 Libreville, Gabon 28 8,312 Chicago, United States ($55,837) 9 Conakry, Guinea 36 531 Washington, DC, United States ($55,837) 10 Djibouti, Djibouti 40 1,813 Paris, France ($36,248) 11 Accra, Ghana 47 1,381 Milan, Italy ($29,847) 12 Yaoundé, Cameroon 50 1,251 Vienna, Austria ($43,439) 13 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire 56 1,399 Amsterdam, Netherlands ($44,433) 14 Douala, Cameroon 70 1,251 Doha, Qatar ($74,667) 15 Cairo, Egypt 91 3,615 San Jose, Costa Rica ($10,630) Source: Mercer, 2016; World Development Indicators. GDP per capita is for 2015 data. a. Per capita GDP is in parentheses. THE <strong>URBANIZATION</strong>–<strong>INDUSTRIALIZATION</strong> NEXUS 145
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URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
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CCONTENTS LIST OF BOXES, FIGURES &
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chapter 5 URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRI
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CHAPTER 1 (CONT) Figure 1.11 Growth
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CHAPTER 4 BOXES Box 4.1 Drivers, en
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED AEO AfDB
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UN-Habitat UNICEF US USAID WDI WTO
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The lead consultant, Mr. Gulelat Ke
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FFOREWORD Urbanization is a mega-tr
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articulated. Yet, industrial target
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harnessing opportunities from rapid
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A diverse urban system can offer in
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Cities and urban agglomerations sho
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Figure 1.1 Economic growth in Afric
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In 2016, the generally weak world e
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Box 1.2 SOME POLICY RESPONSES OF AF
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year, driven by slower growth in Al
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associated with a decline in the va
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Figure 1.7 Productivity growth by A
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AFRICA’S CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT
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lower global prices of oil and food
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about 4 and 5.5 percentage points,
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Box 1.3 THE CONTINENTAL FREE TRADE
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Figure 1.15 Gross domestic savings,
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are seeking to finance public inves
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Figure 1.19 Africa’s growth prosp
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Box 1.4 CHINA’S ENGAGEMENT IN AFR
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REFERENCES AfDB-OECD-UNDP 2016. Afr
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72 Table 2.7 Change in gender gap i
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Page 119 and 120: Figure 4.1 The urbanization-industr
Page 121 and 122: 4.1 DRIVERS: URBAN DEMAND AND SHIFT
Page 123 and 124: FOOD VALUE CHAIN AND RURAL-URBAN LI
Page 125 and 126: But for the construction sector to
Page 127 and 128: The link between GDP and formal hou
Page 129 and 130: Figure 4.7 Employment in constructi
Page 131 and 132: More recent theories of industrial
Page 133 and 134: Table 4.3 Results of selected econo
Page 135 and 136: expensive interventions to support
Page 137 and 138: Figure 4.9 Top two ranked countries
Page 139 and 140: study 16 —makes the following con
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.4 Industrial sector charact
Page 143: Box 4.5 A PATH TO FORMALIZATION Suc
Page 147 and 148: lengthening travel times and creati
Page 149 and 150: in South Asia (Yepes, Pierce and Fo
Page 151 and 152: ҋҋ Linking sector strategies, nat
Page 153 and 154: Agglomeration economies are powerfu
Page 155 and 156: Gutman, J., A. Sy and S. Chattopadh
Page 157 and 158: ENDNOTES 1 The link between urbaniz
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Page 161 and 162: Figure 5.1 50,000 Four basic countr
Page 163 and 164: 5.2 USING URBAN DEMAND TO DRIVE IND
Page 165 and 166: BOX 5.1 CONT. GRANTING POLICY SUPPO
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Page 169 and 170: Box 5.3 RWANDA’S TRADEABLE SERVIC
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Page 173 and 174: Despite urban primacy, secondary ci
Page 175 and 176: REPUBLIC OF CONGO A functional urba
Page 177 and 178: 5.4 OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO AGGLOMER
Page 179 and 180: Box 5.5 COST-EFFECTIVE AND FAIR TEN
Page 181 and 182: Even non-BRT systems can improve tr
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Page 187 and 188: To foster industrialization, polici
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Page 191 and 192: REFERENCES Ackah, C., C. Adjasi and
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202 Table 6.1 Costs and benefits of
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Despite the recent slowdown of the
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