URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

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78 Table 2.8 African countries categorized by extent of urbanization, 2014 ECONOMIC REPORT ON AFRICA 2017 CATEGORY URBAN POPULATION AS % OF TOTAL POPULATION NUMBER OF COUNTRIES I >60 10 II 51–60 7 RESOURCE-RICH Algeria, Libya (NA); Djibouti (EA); Rep. of Congo, Gabon (CA); South Africa (SA) Mauritania (NA); Côte d’Ivoire (WA); Ghana (WA); Cameroon (CA); Botswana (SA) COUNTRIES* NON-RESOURCE-RICH Morocco, Tunisia (NA); Cabo Verde (WA); São Tomé and Príncipe (CA) Seychelles (EA); Gambia (WA) AVERAGE PER CAPITA GNI (2011 PPP $) 9,201 7,834 III 41–50 10 DRC (EA); Benin, Liberia, Nigeria (WA); Angola, Namibia, Zambia (SA) Egypt (NA); Guinea- Bissau, Senegal (WA) 4,263 IV 31–40 13 Sudan (NA); Madagascar, Tanzania (EA); Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Togo (WA); Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea (CA); Mozambique, Zimbabwe (SA) Somalia (EA); Mauritius (SA) 4,590 V 60% (10) 51-60% (7) 41-50% (10) 31-40% (13)
than 60 per cent urbanized (category I countries) is 2.23 per cent, which is less than half the rate in countries less than 30 per cent urbanized (category V countries). Although fertility rates are generally lower in urban than rural areas, assuming equal population growth rates in urban and rural areas, figure 2.18 shows that there is very little rural–urban migration in category I countries, and all urban growth is due to The least urbanized countries are growing the fastest. the natural increase in population. The contribution of rural–urban migration to growth of the urban population increases in countries in categories II–V and is the highest in the least urbanized (category V). The data in figure 2.18 suggest that, on average, 13 per cent of the annual growth of the urban population in category II countries, 33 per cent in category III countries, 22 per cent in category IV countries and 44 per cent in category V countries can be attributed to rural–urban migration. This is understandable because of spatial inequalities that exist at different levels of urbanization (and discussed next). All the same, further research is required for a more nuanced understanding of urbanization by extent and rate. WELFARE DIFFERENCES ACROSS THE RURAL–URBAN DIVIDE In almost every country in the world, average living standards in urban areas are higher than those in rural areas. This pattern is observed whether welfare is measured by average income, consumption, poverty indices, infant mortality, health, access to services or numerous other variables. In Africa the size of urban–rural welfare gaps varies a great deal across countries, with less urbanization increasing the gap. For most countries mean consumption in urban areas is two to three times as large as in rural areas, ranging from 1.2 in Tanzania and Madagascar (category IV) to over 2.8 in Uganda and 3.5 in Burkina Faso (category V). Africa shows a strong positive cross-sectional correlation between the urban–rural consumption ratio and per capita GDP (World Bank, n.d.). Table 2.9 Rural–urban differentials in wages and poverty in selected countries in Africa URBAN–RURAL WAGE RATIO POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATIO AT THE POVERTY LINE FORMAL INFORMAL RURAL URBAN Cameroon 1.36 1.26 55.0 12.2 Chad 1.45 1.06 58.6 24.6 Ethiopia 2.05 2.22 39.3 35.1 Gabon 1.08 2.71 44.6 29.8 Kenya 1.92 2.74 49.1 33.7 Mozambique 1.67 1.07 56.9 49.6 Niger 0.86 0.84 63.9 36.7 Nigeria 1.36 1.49 63.8 43.1 Tanzania 1.59 1.26 37.4 21.8 Togo 2.22 2.81 74.3 36.8 Uganda 2.03 2.34 27.2 9.1 Zambia 1.64 3.12 76.8 26.7 Source: Based on data from De Brauw, Mueller and Lee (2014). Note: The wage ratios and the poverty headcount ratios are for different years in 2000–2009. RECENT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN AFRICA 79
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URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
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CCONTENTS LIST OF BOXES, FIGURES &
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chapter 5 URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRI
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CHAPTER 1 (CONT) Figure 1.11 Growth
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CHAPTER 4 BOXES Box 4.1 Drivers, en
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED AEO AfDB
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UN-Habitat UNICEF US USAID WDI WTO
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The lead consultant, Mr. Gulelat Ke
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FFOREWORD Urbanization is a mega-tr
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articulated. Yet, industrial target
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harnessing opportunities from rapid
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A diverse urban system can offer in
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Cities and urban agglomerations sho
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1.1 Economic growth in Afric
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Page 41 and 42: lower global prices of oil and food
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Page 45 and 46: Box 1.3 THE CONTINENTAL FREE TRADE
Page 47 and 48: Figure 1.15 Gross domestic savings,
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Page 55 and 56: REFERENCES AfDB-OECD-UNDP 2016. Afr
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Figure 4.7 Employment in constructi
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More recent theories of industrial
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Table 4.3 Results of selected econo
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expensive interventions to support
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Figure 4.9 Top two ranked countries
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study 16 —makes the following con
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Table 4.4 Industrial sector charact
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Box 4.5 A PATH TO FORMALIZATION Suc
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Arusha, Tanzania Beira, Mozambique
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lengthening travel times and creati
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in South Asia (Yepes, Pierce and Fo
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ҋҋ Linking sector strategies, nat
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Agglomeration economies are powerfu
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Gutman, J., A. Sy and S. Chattopadh
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ENDNOTES 1 The link between urbaniz
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Still, policies that are well targe
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Figure 5.1 50,000 Four basic countr
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5.2 USING URBAN DEMAND TO DRIVE IND
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BOX 5.1 CONT. GRANTING POLICY SUPPO
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uilding superstructures are often r
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Box 5.3 RWANDA’S TRADEABLE SERVIC
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the surrounding fertile agricultura
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Despite urban primacy, secondary ci
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REPUBLIC OF CONGO A functional urba
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5.4 OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO AGGLOMER
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Box 5.5 COST-EFFECTIVE AND FAIR TEN
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Even non-BRT systems can improve tr
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in the economy as a whole, through
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5.5 INTEGRATED POLICIES TO LINK URB
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To foster industrialization, polici
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evenue is only 15.6 per cent of its
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REFERENCES Ackah, C., C. Adjasi and
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NISR (National Institute of Statist
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196 ECONOMIC REPORT ON AFRICA 2017
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202 Table 6.1 Costs and benefits of
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Despite the recent slowdown of the
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URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

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