URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

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18 ECONOMIC REPORT ON AFRICA 2017 unable to generate employment at the level and scale required to meet everincreasing demands, especially for youth. Reconnecting urban and industrial development in Africa through deliberate policies, strategies and investments is a priority for the sustainability of both cities and industries. Cities require better performing industrialization and industrialization requires better functioning cities. At the same time, industrialization and urbanization face common challenges. Thus, the core message of the report is that deliberate efforts are needed to link urban and industrial development in the context of national development planning. A first step in this is to recognize urbanization as an inevitable megatrend of considerable scale and speed, with cities playing a critical role in structural transformation, and especially in industrialization. Also important is to undo prevailing myths on the urban trajectory, including the assumption that curtailing rural to urban migration will reduce urban growth and that the urban agenda is primarily a social one. In reality, natural growth is the primary driver of urban growth while urbanization is at the core of economic development. Importantly, the opportunities arising from urbanization for industrialization and from industrialization for urbanization need to be articulated in national development plans if the respective sector policies are to be linked. In turn, this should inform sector policies guiding urban and industrial development. In this regard, four key policy anchors can enable African countries to better leverage urbanization for accelerated industrialization. The first is to respond, through domestic manufacturing, to rising demand and shifting patterns of consumption generated both as the result of urban population growth and rising incomes in cities. This can foster value addition and domestic manufacturing and enhance productivity, particularly in agriculture. However, the evidence suggests that rising and shifting urban demand is increasingly being met by imports, resulting in lost opportunities for domestic manufacturing. A second anchor is for industrial policy to factor in the ways urban functionality can support or hinder the productivity of firms. Industrial value chains exist in a geographic context, so the functionality of cities and the connections between them should be planned to support specific targeted industrial sectors. So far, industrial policies in Africa rarely consider the implications of urbanization and economic geography for manufacturing. A third anchor should be spatial targeting, which involves strategically directing and prioritizing investments and interventions in order to leverage the advantages of urban centers for industrial development. Spatial targeting must evaluate the benefits and the costs of investing in different cities in order to compare the returns on investment of different locations. Ultimately, it is important to redress the tendency of urban primacy in African countries and enable more balanced national urban systems, optimizing the complementary roles of different cities, both large and small. Fourth is integrating industrialization in urban and regional policies. Industrialization is often not considered in national urban and spatial planning policies and strategies—or where it is reflected, it is not well developed and
articulated. Yet, industrial targets should be a foundation and a guiding force for urban planning and spatial policies. The barriers undermining the functionality of cities should be addressed with the intention of enabling industrial productivity, which in turn will support urban sustainability through job creation and revenues to finance investments. Based on these priorities, the report provides a strategic policy framework anchored in national development planning to enable African countries to harness urbanization for industrialization. In doing so, the report also draws on specific country experiences in Africa illustrating the need for much more concerted efforts to address the disconnects between urban and industrial development. Abdalla Hamdok Executive Secretary, a.i. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa FOREWORD 19
Page 1 and 2: URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
Page 3 and 4: CCONTENTS LIST OF BOXES, FIGURES &
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Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER 1 (CONT) Figure 1.11 Growth
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 4 BOXES Box 4.1 Drivers, en
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED AEO AfDB
Page 13 and 14: UN-Habitat UNICEF US USAID WDI WTO
Page 15 and 16: The lead consultant, Mr. Gulelat Ke
Page 17: FFOREWORD Urbanization is a mega-tr
Page 21 and 22: harnessing opportunities from rapid
Page 23 and 24: A diverse urban system can offer in
Page 25 and 26: Cities and urban agglomerations sho
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1.1 Economic growth in Afric
Page 29 and 30: In 2016, the generally weak world e
Page 31 and 32: Box 1.2 SOME POLICY RESPONSES OF AF
Page 33 and 34: year, driven by slower growth in Al
Page 35 and 36: associated with a decline in the va
Page 37 and 38: Figure 1.7 Productivity growth by A
Page 39 and 40: AFRICA’S CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT
Page 41 and 42: lower global prices of oil and food
Page 43 and 44: about 4 and 5.5 percentage points,
Page 45 and 46: Box 1.3 THE CONTINENTAL FREE TRADE
Page 47 and 48: Figure 1.15 Gross domestic savings,
Page 49 and 50: are seeking to finance public inves
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1.19 Africa’s growth prosp
Page 53 and 54: Box 1.4 CHINA’S ENGAGEMENT IN AFR
Page 55 and 56: REFERENCES AfDB-OECD-UNDP 2016. Afr
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Figure 4.1 The urbanization-industr
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4.1 DRIVERS: URBAN DEMAND AND SHIFT
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FOOD VALUE CHAIN AND RURAL-URBAN LI
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But for the construction sector to
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The link between GDP and formal hou
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Figure 4.7 Employment in constructi
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More recent theories of industrial
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Table 4.3 Results of selected econo
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expensive interventions to support
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Figure 4.9 Top two ranked countries
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study 16 —makes the following con
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Table 4.4 Industrial sector charact
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Box 4.5 A PATH TO FORMALIZATION Suc
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Arusha, Tanzania Beira, Mozambique
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lengthening travel times and creati
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in South Asia (Yepes, Pierce and Fo
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ҋҋ Linking sector strategies, nat
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Agglomeration economies are powerfu
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Gutman, J., A. Sy and S. Chattopadh
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ENDNOTES 1 The link between urbaniz
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Still, policies that are well targe
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Figure 5.1 50,000 Four basic countr
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5.2 USING URBAN DEMAND TO DRIVE IND
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BOX 5.1 CONT. GRANTING POLICY SUPPO
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uilding superstructures are often r
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Box 5.3 RWANDA’S TRADEABLE SERVIC
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the surrounding fertile agricultura
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Despite urban primacy, secondary ci
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REPUBLIC OF CONGO A functional urba
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5.4 OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO AGGLOMER
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Box 5.5 COST-EFFECTIVE AND FAIR TEN
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Even non-BRT systems can improve tr
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in the economy as a whole, through
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5.5 INTEGRATED POLICIES TO LINK URB
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To foster industrialization, polici
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evenue is only 15.6 per cent of its
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REFERENCES Ackah, C., C. Adjasi and
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NISR (National Institute of Statist
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202 Table 6.1 Costs and benefits of
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Despite the recent slowdown of the
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