L./f*A tuf ac.-lL,;l u sV})

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diers i! poniclla ton qtDtc eEin a@ls sd tcgun.lj ohng to lhe high @lqrs of phrlic acid, a porent irhibibrofircn sd 2inc lb$lPtiofl (studsFad, r995). Th* .rc many inrcne ions lo @nbal ioo od ztrc deficiency oDons hlh@ble s@ups Thse inctude slrplcrenr.lioq dr€r.ry diversiiiqtioo ond ronificaion. lte foflificlton *hs ro bc rtte orosr felsibte and a tong t@ apprc.ch, 'llE rcsulti of fonifimlion ar fist, brocd dnd suslcinabt.. t)e rurie.t irlake ofthe rargeled emup improves ihmedtarcty and sn i0prcr o, nrcronutrient srstus con he 4ssed w hiD oE h rhEe ftotrd$. Wtren r shde tood ura( E consured resultrl, by tr'c nrajodry of tlE poptrtdriotr is usd us s vctriotc tor ibnific. otr, hich poputdioo co!.Fge c be e6ily lcl,ievql. The sci.,rific rarionote inctuding rehnology, srlbjtity, hrcturos, rnd etr*tivarcs tor fonifying staptc toots *s dcverop.d €,rly u s cenMy (4lbenoed pia.taesJ. - Vheat.flour is a sropte a@d ofpatistMi p.optc dd an ave.oSe inbte is jt8 8 / peMnrday. MoE rhM fi fty p.@nr ofthc torat .ncgy inrlkc ,s derivql aom plEat nour (OMNI, 1996). Ce@ls sd tcgon.s @l.i,r low.r rmoun.e or zinc ind a subsdi.l l*el ofDl'yrat6 (nto-iiciiot hcx+horphlre), . compound knosn ro iohibir zinc aberprion (Ojbson,l994). Tn choie ot nuei.nr tor nor todifio.ion i3 Et.rcd 10 speifc d.ficiaci6; n.kr aomutrrions inltudins2inc.nd rnmin A.E h.m8 usd. lrni@nlri.nr d€fici.ncy €xins.vcr in mild lom u mc @nnunity, n h b. aum.d ft.t ir wil 0.6isi and condnuc lo lEm Oe hcarn !d wlt b.itrs oa lne individuh cotfi d al t996). A siable Fdiotr otdE talG&ni populalion ii tivirg below povdy liie lid mtr tEdty m*r n! oErsy rc4ujErenc, ll)c prcv.itjns seio Mrcnic.osrEink orasubrodrjsr rsLtrun ur rh. popuhrion ,n r,""* * -;.;,; tlEm ro hav. then ruriuonal mc.ds futfilt& iheu8lt rlE nomat chMncls. All other ndnrDmt irteryenrion prugr6Ds slctr F s,pptc."rrarion o.d dErey inprov€oent obviously$und t.ss.irectiv! irj prkisrul socn,io as rh6c 6tr,r chess in dj.rary b.havior or,h" *rro, ,rr",,,b". ;,,:J;;;;:Tfilj:.T"*" ol lwo el€mcnrs, nonety $at of ion ond iodirc lEs b*r Ecognized d bein8 of wrdeprcld public hsaith sisniucnne aronr a iukitionotslandpont. Now, se.ious @ncern shes as b lh. reed otaddng zino ro rhis ti$, dpeiolty in Bsc popltarion groups in dcveropi.g counujq *hosc dicrs conrain cohptci suDst&ces lhar timit de
ioav{il.bilily ofzi c (p6!d, t99t). Cowrl Ellid iotr, in€@lsen susDribitity to illicriou, ond cogtrilive itrpoim€,r !rc sommon i, developing counrric, whcc nul.njoml d.ficicft, otnnc t ots psat.m. ThN a accrion orzitu defici.ncy is rikclyrc h,v.r g@t ihprct on rtE h. hofo targe posutation in E devetoping wond Ircn dcf;idcy tr.oi. and rchr.d pobtft e .u@ y norc eiilety Mosnizd lhrn nftirionol prcbt.ns dud b zinc, ,fte dids lhar tqd .o imn defi.iency anemra I?nd ro atso provide ined.qurG 2i.c qnd inhibiros ofi@n lb$rption lle i.hjbit abslprion of 2inc. flEEfoE it i, impedirc ro inctuo. anc etong wirh ibn in foni,icrtion prcs.nhes aor @unfiies exhibiting probtotu or &n deticiency .nqi! Sh@ dte d€fici cy of irun sd zi,E i3 p'qtql in pskishr, lhcrctoE n is tdy impodBnt ro explare tlE opponuniries t6r escssing.he.f!.cr or dilraEnrjron.nd zirc .!lB fo. lonifi.dion in rvhote *h.ar nour, In rhe tiehr ol Oe f.cc, pl.gr |tgch r!rcjd ha hdn d6'sn.d siLh Lhc to[o*insobjern.s. OBJECTIVES: . To m.auE lhe srabihy of djlrqd zanc.nd ion tonifi@ts in wlbl€ whqr [ou. unoe. vano$ sloe& cnd p,chgins @ndjlions. . To .$.ddn accepiabifty of fodifi€d wholc what nou tor lh. pEpmrion of unkvcn.d flar bEld (chap!ni). . 10 ss*ss Lhe physiutogLat impacr ot e*inlic fornN otircn & zh. onJ rhcn inteherion wnh.!ch olberthmugh biotoaiql asr.
Page 1 and 2: - 7tb L./f*A tuf ac.-lL,;l u sV}) I
Page 3 and 4: Th. Coni.oll.r of Exmln.rions ,ry-'
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements IN THE NAME OF ALL
Page 7 and 8: sni-- - M I ffi' tu. ffi LIST OF TA
Page 9 and 10: 1 ; -l ; 1 ; lr''tf,m (ft, smmhid i
Page 11 and 12: . - :flr;i,fq%n; rd'--',f il;mil *@
Page 13 and 14: mTm:im-ffir*;; &;u.-F;a ;;d,i c.yh?
Page 15: - aneDio ir Patisan.Thcscrprlpodion
Page 19 and 20: Bodrwelt€/ a/. (t9?9) rel)on d rl
Page 21 and 22: defi.icncy, Unfo4unat ly, rh.E sr n
Page 23 and 24: pr* in I msl os tonificqnrs. Ue rer
Page 25 and 26: llaUh.rs (t99) rcponcd rhd durins !
Page 27 and 28: inrermedi0r€ ldcl of zinc b( rhcn
Page 29 and 30: El Cuindiel a/. (1988) E oncd rhd*h
Page 31 and 32: 2.4 Stomge s(!bitiiy -physico_ctren
Page 33 and 34: lhlreby cdusing ! r.'npeBrur. ri$ i
Page 35 and 36: tlrn dDs vith a tows hEt of for fiq
Page 37 and 38: Be{.d.r ai. (1990) €poned iron d.
Page 39 and 40: delled th.l nelaronin has a lt'ybid
Page 41 and 42: iinuence on zn obsoerion. tre.od Zn
Page 43 and 44: erowlh 0t a RG rar could be expecre
Page 45 and 46: ioavailobiiiry and histoty ol:usc.
Page 47 and 48: An.. cooling i[ ttE ice worer lor 1
Page 49 and 50: 'lhe lbllowirS r.€orm.trt @mbi.at
Page 51 and 52: 1.9. Aralysk of ptssma 3.9.1. fl!sm
Page 53 and 54: disritt€rl wsk., j{rd. S;tn.dnd s
Page 55 and 56: cOT subsrBre lsoqrt) was pipcrro in
Page 57 and 58: 4.1.1 CheDic!t rlstyj.s oI flours 4
Page 59 and 60: 9 8 'I 6 3 2 I 0 ' Anbienr Cdrollcd
Page 61 and 62: L.mour r, al ( 196 t) Eponcd q! €
Page 63 and 64: as 6h is dE,ninedt nrue, prescd h d
Page 65 and 66: advmc.n srog. ot dderioFrion tujun
Page 67 and 68:
@ord.tt jlsr !n!r sroEs. ot ! fonni
Page 69 and 70:
.40 1.20 0.60 0,40 0r0 2 1.5 l,r0 s
Page 71 and 72:
Th. inrcdcrivc .{Ist of sro6B. p€
Page 73 and 74:
T I ! I , I ! 1$ RE t; 35i ;a 3-c a
Page 75 and 76:
i 3 E c I F. i6 € & a ,? btE a L
Page 77 and 78:
(unaonified whole wheat oou emrtc}
Page 79 and 80:
sbowed signifi@r crTecr on zinc con
Page 81 and 82:
4.1.2.4 Copp.r Conrenr Th. ntu squG
Page 83 and 84:
sdDptes sordd in th boxes (rig,24),
Page 85 and 86:
t i ! It: 6 ;II 9t 2 E 2 j a I hibt
Page 87 and 88:
The t€ah.nrs clrer wos tound ro b
Page 89 and 90:
4.1.3.3 Cob.lt Conr.nt' The m..h sq
Page 91 and 92:
4.1.3.5 M.Dg!tres€ Conr€nt lhe
Page 93 and 94:
T ! 3 € E Je AE Ce t- ic F? jF FS
Page 95 and 96:
ae nour sfrtt6 c a tudion of bn*ina
Page 97 and 98:
4.1.5.1 Wrt.r Ablorptiou Th€ c.ri
Page 99:
4.1.5.2 Doogh Devetopd.bt Tim. Th.
Page 102 and 103:
40. Thc dough devrtopnur;rihe *as i
Page 104 and 105:
whol. *hc.t flour ehptq ofTr gav. n
Page 106 and 107:
I -2,1{10 aroort t t600 Tr2oo E roo
Page 108 and 109:
t :i E i 6 I a g s fi E 3 i ! 5 a a
Page 110 and 111:
,t 6 Aa TI T? T3 T4 rt !! L.Dnht.k
Page 112 and 113:
E t I n "'! ;l r3 :TR ia 1i t! rl.t
Page 114 and 115:
film rcsp€djvcnour samplcs. Theov
Page 116 and 117:
l6 I gu '|&5?|rfu.ddo..4 Lq44I]. s!
Page 118 and 119:
t e B 3 *; !E !{a -{t F F $t ;n E:
Page 120 and 121:
OMN| (t996 ) EDort d lhal non is a
Page 122 and 123:
I E 3 2 5 3 2 6 5 01J104560 ry oEh.
Page 124 and 125:
g. c a i d J c9 iI gs 8F !F s$ 5e C
Page 126 and 127:
Hani$n €r al (1976) r.pon n thor
Page 128 and 129:
I. 5 le{rld{D'j
Page 130 and 131:
I t I t t i I I I I! t t !I
Page 132 and 133:
c' 62 ll srnF Prdc. (&rr) f"'ra.orf
Page 134 and 135:
& , I I t ct9 !F IF F! 68 Fi vrE I8
Page 136 and 137:
oach.pdris h6 ben slwn in tabtss l7
Page 138 and 139:
al €2 g6 !5 €r n.-7'Ed..0.!'6]1
Page 140 and 141:
1 he s@ sivq ro fotd.bitiry sil @oi
Page 142 and 143:
signifi@t clter on n;utd @(nr. The
Page 144 and 145:
I a t J ilt t i'o t- -o 5; I; ll 8
Page 146 and 147:
E t : a- AF F: a: ee F3 q; EB gF !
Page 148 and 149:
ilr EI; : li ,qtE !F €ti "ae $tr
Page 150 and 151:
t ! I I - e e 6 ilI t r i E! F a6 T
Page 152 and 153:
3 I $ a F rl tt T ! ;;]E B 3 el t!
Page 154 and 155:
I E 3 i A I 5 ti zE R I E ! i a ::
Page 156 and 157:
4.4.2 Plasm! Iioclenlslry The @ulB
Page 158 and 159:
i tI a i 6 a a a c I; a E F EI ata
Page 160 and 161:
t i, 5 I :p ti { s q a I ;! E: c 3
Page 162 and 163:
a .t q ; t bl F x q x T I ;E ;i : c
Page 164 and 165:
4.4.2.5 Proreio, ctobulir and Atbun
Page 166 and 167:
t I I s i s I; € !I 3 F ;a t: €
Page 168 and 169:
4.4.2.6 (cOT) ctutan.te O!.to...a.t
Page 170 and 171:
E 2 I !a a H F c a a II F 5 € I i
Page 172 and 173:
4.4.2.8Tr odornyrort.. (Tj) rnd,I,t
Page 174 and 175:
I e ? E : ri q 2 i! F I I 6 it ;i
Page 176 and 177:
v6 no ellel of22n8 ofzn on lhe.b$Fr
Page 178 and 179:
t E s F t z ai E I :! a.- ,i !l ;;
Page 180 and 181:
4..1.3.{ Zl.c i. pl..@! fi. lnrkliq
Page 182 and 183:
'!t the ituorption of zinc is atrec
Page 184 and 185:
! t e 3 E s 3 !i =E !l T T :t i! a,
Page 186 and 187:
clrrged pluphst sroups, ptrtlic aci
Page 188 and 189:
i i ig rE g a I a 4 fi e E 6 € a
Page 190 and 191:
ned toi ion in the qp.rimdrlt .ak i
Page 192 and 193:
'fh€ faec.l iinc €xcrerion w.s
Page 194 and 195:
!t :T * T E3 ::E F E ! I * a q g a
Page 196 and 197:
Mod ($e c@l4 .irDllt.tD$d.u !. d. r
Page 198 and 199:
, cr|'|Il-U SUilMNT In Pakistdi, wh
Page 200 and 201:
*as afrechd si8triltc6nr,, by rhe s
Page 202 and 203:
Th€ N$eEDTA di{t nor exhibir otry
Page 204:
Conclusions Following @nctulim qn b
Page 207 and 208:
uIIttTt$Gm! aACC. 2000. Approv.d M
Page 209 and 210:
Bcrid J, Aor.l M a tet4o. FJ. t997,
Page 211 and 212:
cerko*k' s.r, Dcrld E snd MG s@ton.
Page 213 and 214:
El-6ujdi M, I-ynch SR dd Coot JD, t
Page 215 and 216:
loua W .nd L.nesch H.,.r931. Slnsir
Page 217 and 218:
L{u.n T and Sbdsrrom 8,t992 (b), EI
Page 219 and 220:
N.$ers YH, cuu$ cR, Acton RT, Atvar
Page 221 and 222:
Rev.s PC, Ni.tet$n fH lnd F.hcy CC,
Page 223 and 224:
Strlliran B tgt3.AMtysis ofth. elen
Page 225 and 226:
^FF dh r. ^8D.. bnFarr ac) tld rtL{
Page 227 and 228:
Appendix-2 SEN$ORY EVALUATION FORI{
Page 229 and 230:
I : ! I 6 ! n gi trE I € 5 6 3 E
Page 231 and 232:
I 3 ! I ,3: ? a : : q e a c 3 6 a B
Page 233 and 234:
t E t e 3 € I 3 4 I .{€ c E i ;
Page 235 and 236:
E 3 I c I t 3 E 6 T 6 3 ! g: : -q 3
Page 237 and 238:
t 6 6 6 ! .! I I ! .i: 'E I e e s d
Page 239 and 240:
F 6 I il I s : q q I E a a p E a 3
Page 241 and 242:
E ; .l 6 F i 3 i E d it ;l :l €l
Page 243 and 244:
I € ! p F a j s x a s 9 q 3 $ F $
Page 245 and 246:
I e a a e R s : $ E : i q q 3i a q
Page 247 and 248:
T E I E e fl F s I ts E p 3 F F E p
Page 249 and 250:
J a a F q- x ? s s a ; a d E E n ?
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