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2.6 Water Governance Reform in Afghanistan: Early Lessons for a Water-secure Future Khwaga Kakar Water, Policy and Governance Expert Formerly Project Coordinator for the Center for Policy and Human Development, Afghanistan Vincent Thomas Research Officer, Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, Afghanistan Specialist in Water Resources Management in the context of Water Sector Reform, Afghanistan
Introduction Despite being a water-abundant country, Afghanistan still struggles to make the best of its natural resources and to achieve water security for its citizens. A reform of the water sector was initiated as early as 2002, yet the ‘good governance’ principles, enshrined in the recently passed Water Law of 2009 (Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 2009) and the Water Sector Strategy (Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 2008), have yet to demonstrate results on the ground. More noteworthy, early signs of a lack of buy-in for a new model of governance introduced by the international community are now emerging. In fact, while a drive towards a more infrastructure- and technically-oriented development is seemingly prioritized by the government, this paper argues that in Afghanistan, a choice cannot be made between developing infrastructure or better governance and management: it is about developing both in an integrated way. Additionally, in order to improve governance, it is now necessary to take an adaptive approach to adapt and fine-tune imported models in order to better fit the realities on the ground, and to build on already existing water management institutions. 1. Salient Figures of Water Insecurity 1.1. Failing to meet essential needs: safe drinking water Afghanistan is among the countries with the lowest accessibility to safe drinking water sources and hygienic sanitation. Despite massive interventions by the international community – US $19 billion has been spent by the U.S. alone, the largest donor of Afghanistan’s reconstruction (Christian Science Monitor, 2011) – the most recent national survey shows that only 27% of the population has access to protected water sources, while only 5% has access to improved sanitation (MRRD and CSO, 2009). Furthermore, the current trend of progress at 1% per year indicates that Afghanistan will be delayed in meeting its water targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) of reducing the number of the Afghan population without access to safe drinking water by half by 2020, by more than 20 years (Figure 1). As a result, every hour, six children under the age of five die because of the effects of diarrhea (CPHD, 2011). Improved drinking water coverage (%) 2045 2040 2035 2030 2025 2020 2015 2010 2005 2000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Coverage rate Source: Calculated based on MRRD and CSO (2007, 2009). Figure 1. The projected trend for meeting the MDG target for access to safe drinking water in Afghanistan (CPHD, 2011). Water Governance Reform in Afghanistan: Early Lessons for a Water-secure Future Part 2 111
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The Global Water Crisis: Addressing
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About the InterAction Council Estab
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Acknowledgements
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Foreword
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The undeniable seriousness of the g
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Foreword xiii
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The Global Water Crisis: Framing th
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Ethical considerations also need to
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3. Support Ratification of the UN W
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1 Water and Global Security
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Introduction Since the serious stat
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Jury and Vaux project that the numb
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5. The Potential for Conflict and t
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References Cullen, H., 2010. The We
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Introduction Water is an integral p
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shortage Statewide Regional Local N
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summer months. To alleviate the con
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References Department of Energy, 20
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Introduction Water, economic and en
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Economic analyses of ecosystem good
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• Managing for sustainability. De
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Richter, B.D., M.M. Davis, C. Apse
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Introduction Water is an essential
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early post-Cold War period, from a
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2.4. Water, conflicts, and institut
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Renaud et al. (2011) proposed a pre
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Carius, A., D. Tänzler and A. Maas
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Turton, A.R., 2004. “The Evolutio
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Introduction In the West Asia and N
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2. Water in the WANA Region 2.1. De
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Following on this, during a persona
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Below are some suggestions for how
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plants through evapo-transpiration)
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WANA Forum, 2010b. Toward Supra-nat
Page 73 and 74: Introduction “The trouble with wa
Page 75 and 76: • Upgrading current water infrast
Page 77 and 78: 60,000 ventilation improved pit lat
Page 79 and 80: 5. The Bottom Line It is widely ack
Page 81: The Blue Economy: Risks and Opportu
Page 84 and 85: 2.1 A Human Development Approach to
Page 86 and 87: apparatus assists nation-states in
Page 88 and 89: By ensuring that the international
Page 90 and 91: 2.2 Water and Health Security Ganes
Page 92 and 93: 1.1. Human-induced Pollutants Domes
Page 94 and 95: Table.1. Water pollutants and human
Page 96 and 97: In many urban and semi-urban areas,
Page 98 and 99: 2.3 Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and
Page 100 and 101: 1. The Impacts of Poor Water, Sanit
Page 102 and 103: 77 64 2015 MDG target Coverage (%)
Page 104 and 105: 3. The Neglect of the WASH Sector a
Page 106 and 107: References Checkley, W., G. Buckley
Page 108 and 109: 2.4 Water, Food and the Development
Page 110 and 111: 2. Keeping Pace with Change Since t
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Page 114 and 115: 2.5 Investing in Women’s Particip
Page 116 and 117: of agriculture resulting mainly fro
Page 118 and 119: their substantial contribution is p
Page 120 and 121: Although cultural constraints still
Page 122 and 123: UNEP, 2009. Water Security and Ecos
Page 126 and 127: 1.2. The Extreme risk of food secur
Page 128 and 129: Furthermore, within each basin, lan
Page 130 and 131: 3.2. Early doubts vis-à-vis progre
Page 132 and 133: transboundary water management conc
Page 135 and 136: 3 Will the Right to Water Alleviate
Page 137 and 138: Introduction A growing number of ar
Page 139 and 140: 2. Ethical Perspectives on State Ob
Page 141 and 142: References Barlow, Maude, 2007. Blu
Page 143 and 144: Introduction It is widely recognize
Page 145 and 146: Later in 2010, the UN Human Rights
Page 147 and 148: 3.2. Legislative Recognition Dozens
Page 149 and 150: Mandela, M., 2002. No Water, No Fut
Page 151 and 152: Introduction South Africans have a
Page 153 and 154: water per person per day. The appli
Page 155 and 156: References Bluemel, E. B., 2004.
Page 157 and 158: Introduction Water conflicts are nu
Page 159 and 160: 4. Water Policies and Their Impact
Page 161 and 162: y its interconnection to encompass
Page 163 and 164: Access to Water and Conflict: An In
Page 166 and 167: Response from the InterAction Counc
Page 168 and 169: As former U.S. President Mr. Bill C
Page 170 and 171: The InterAction Council Québec Dec
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List of Participants: 29 th Annual
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