The Global Water Crisis: Addressing an Urgent Security - Unu-inweh ...

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2.1 A Human Development Approach to Water Security Zafar Adeel Director, United Nations University, Institute for Water, Environment and Health, Canada
Introduction The notion of water security has received an increasing level of interest from the international development community as well as research and academic groups. It appears to take vastly different meanings in different groups, audiences and contexts. It is also intertwined with the broader ongoing dialogue around the notions of human security versus national security. Not only does security relate to the more conventional concepts of protecting a country against external threats to its territorial integrity, but also includes non-conventional elements such as human security, economic security, social security, environmental security and protection of infrastructure (Liotta, 2002). There are two broad interpretations of water security, as follows: First, it is a matter that relates to the security of nations, their peoples and natural resources. A lack of such security can then be correlated to the potential for armed conflict, civil unrest and outright wars, with countries as the primary players. This territorial- and sovereignty-focused approach has received some credence due to the statements offered by some prominent politicians, statesmen and researchers. The most prominent amongst these is the former United Nations Secretary-General, Mr. Boutrous-Boutrous Ghali, who famously declared in the early 1990s that the next set of wars will be fought over water and not oil (Bencala and Debalko, 2008). Even a superficial analysis debunks this theory, particularly when one considers that the recent major wars in Afghanistan (2001- ), Iraq (2003 -), and Libya (2011) were not motivated by water security. Nonetheless, the notion of water security as one tied to armed conflict has persisted and is often considered as a valid approach in the political science arena. A second approach has emerged more recently, which defines water security in a more anthropocentric context. It is argued that water security should be construed as a basic and fundamental element of ‘human well-being’. Human wellbeing was defined more broadly in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA, 2005: v), as follows: “Human well-being is assumed to have multiple constituents, including the basic material for a good life, such as secure and adequate livelihoods, enough food at all times, shelter, clothing, and access to goods; health, including feeling well and having a healthy physical environment, such as clean air and access to clean water; good social relations, including social cohesion, mutual respect, and the ability to help others and provide for children; security, including secure access to natural and other resources, personal safety, and security from natural and human-made disasters; and freedom of choice and action, including the opportunity to achieve what an individual values doing and being.” The declaration by the United Nations General Assembly in July 2010 of the access to drinking water and sanitation as a basic human right is an explicit manifestation of this latter approach. It recognizes that a lack of access to drinking water and sanitation services is a global human development challenge, and the numbers to support this are staggering: 780 million of those without access to improved sources of drinking water and 2.5 billion without adequate sanitation (UNICEF and WHO, 2012). The worldwide death toll associated with this problem is around 3.5 million each year, about half of whom are children under the age of five. Women and children are the primary victims; in particular, the lives and educations of girls are impacted the most. It is interesting to note that if we start with the anthropocentric approach to water security and place value on the importance of human well-being, we still arrive at the former approach of securing water resources at the national and international (basin-wide) levels, and minimize the potential for armed conflict as a result. It provides a different lens through which conflicts amongst competitive water users, including nation-states, could be viewed. To take the argument a bit further, it may be argued that water security for the individual has to be one of the ultimate goals for economic and social development and efforts to reduce poverty. 1. The Human Development and Security Nexus The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) provides a fundamental argument that human security in general can be achieved through an enhanced focus on human development (UNDP, 1994). This is a significant departure from the conventional and dogmatic thinking that security can only be built through strong military apparatus: development of armed forces, acquisition of arms and ammunition. This conventional paradigm further argues that a strong military A Human Development Approach to Water Security Part 2 71
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The Global Water Crisis: Addressing
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About the InterAction Council Estab
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Acknowledgements
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Foreword
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The undeniable seriousness of the g
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Foreword xiii
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The Global Water Crisis: Framing th
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Ethical considerations also need to
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3. Support Ratification of the UN W
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1 Water and Global Security
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Introduction Since the serious stat
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Jury and Vaux project that the numb
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5. The Potential for Conflict and t
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References Cullen, H., 2010. The We
Page 33 and 34: Introduction Water is an integral p
Page 35 and 36: shortage Statewide Regional Local N
Page 37 and 38: summer months. To alleviate the con
Page 39 and 40: References Department of Energy, 20
Page 41 and 42: Introduction Water, economic and en
Page 43 and 44: Economic analyses of ecosystem good
Page 45 and 46: • Managing for sustainability. De
Page 47 and 48: Richter, B.D., M.M. Davis, C. Apse
Page 49 and 50: Introduction Water is an essential
Page 51 and 52: early post-Cold War period, from a
Page 53 and 54: 2.4. Water, conflicts, and institut
Page 55 and 56: Renaud et al. (2011) proposed a pre
Page 57 and 58: Carius, A., D. Tänzler and A. Maas
Page 59 and 60: Turton, A.R., 2004. “The Evolutio
Page 61 and 62: Introduction In the West Asia and N
Page 63 and 64: 2. Water in the WANA Region 2.1. De
Page 65 and 66: Following on this, during a persona
Page 67 and 68: Below are some suggestions for how
Page 69 and 70: plants through evapo-transpiration)
Page 71 and 72: WANA Forum, 2010b. Toward Supra-nat
Page 73 and 74: Introduction “The trouble with wa
Page 75 and 76: • Upgrading current water infrast
Page 77 and 78: 60,000 ventilation improved pit lat
Page 79 and 80: 5. The Bottom Line It is widely ack
Page 81: The Blue Economy: Risks and Opportu
Page 86 and 87: apparatus assists nation-states in
Page 88 and 89: By ensuring that the international
Page 90 and 91: 2.2 Water and Health Security Ganes
Page 92 and 93: 1.1. Human-induced Pollutants Domes
Page 94 and 95: Table.1. Water pollutants and human
Page 96 and 97: In many urban and semi-urban areas,
Page 98 and 99: 2.3 Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and
Page 100 and 101: 1. The Impacts of Poor Water, Sanit
Page 102 and 103: 77 64 2015 MDG target Coverage (%)
Page 104 and 105: 3. The Neglect of the WASH Sector a
Page 106 and 107: References Checkley, W., G. Buckley
Page 108 and 109: 2.4 Water, Food and the Development
Page 110 and 111: 2. Keeping Pace with Change Since t
Page 112 and 113: one and has yet to attain widesprea
Page 114 and 115: 2.5 Investing in Women’s Particip
Page 116 and 117: of agriculture resulting mainly fro
Page 118 and 119: their substantial contribution is p
Page 120 and 121: Although cultural constraints still
Page 122 and 123: UNEP, 2009. Water Security and Ecos
Page 124 and 125: 2.6 Water Governance Reform in Afgh
Page 126 and 127: 1.2. The Extreme risk of food secur
Page 128 and 129: Furthermore, within each basin, lan
Page 130 and 131: 3.2. Early doubts vis-à-vis progre
Page 132 and 133: transboundary water management conc
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3 Will the Right to Water Alleviate
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Introduction A growing number of ar
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2. Ethical Perspectives on State Ob
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References Barlow, Maude, 2007. Blu
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Introduction It is widely recognize
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Later in 2010, the UN Human Rights
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3.2. Legislative Recognition Dozens
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Mandela, M., 2002. No Water, No Fut
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Introduction South Africans have a
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water per person per day. The appli
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References Bluemel, E. B., 2004.
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Introduction Water conflicts are nu
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4. Water Policies and Their Impact
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y its interconnection to encompass
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Access to Water and Conflict: An In
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Response from the InterAction Counc
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As former U.S. President Mr. Bill C
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The InterAction Council Québec Dec
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List of Participants
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List of Participants: 29 th Annual
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