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2.3 Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and the Millennium Development Goals Clarissa Brocklehurst Water and Sanitation Specialist, Canada (formerly Chief – Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, UNICEF, USA)
Introduction In September 2000, world leaders came together to commit their nations to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty. They set out a series of time-bound targets – with a deadline of 2015 – that have become known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Goal 3: Promote gender equity and empower women Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Goal 5: Improve maternal health Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development Perhaps no set of interventions underpins the attainment of these Millennium Development Goals more critically than water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). Water supply and sanitation targets were included under MDG 7, calling on the world to reduce by half the proportion of people without access to water and sanitation. However, the impact of water and sanitation is felt across many sectors, cutting across several MDGs (Table 1). Water scarcity, degrading water quality, lack of access to both adequate sanitation and clean drinking water, and poor hygiene increase disease, contribute to malnutrition, disadvantage women, undermine economic growth, and threaten development, peace and security. Table 1.The Impact of water, sanitation and hygiene on development goals. Sector and related MDG Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Health, Nutrition, HIV/AIDS (MDGs 4, 6) Education (MDG 2) Poverty (MDG 1) Gender Equity (MDG 3) � 88% of diarrheal deaths are attributable to poor WASH (WHO, 2002; UNICEF, 2006) � Nutritional status is compromised by frequent episodes of diarrhea and intestinal worm infestations � Hand washing is linked to reductions in acute respiratory infections (Ensink, 2008; Jefferson et al., 2009; Luby et al., 2005) and reduced infant mortality (Rhee et al., 2008) � Improved WASH helps reduce helminths, guinea worm, fluorisis and arsenicosis (Fewtrell et al., 2007) � Good hygiene helps people living with HIV/AIDS avoid opportunistic infections � It is estimated that 443 million school days are missed every year due to water and sanitation related diseases (UNDP, 2006) � Improving WASH in schools has an impact on enrollment and retention, especially for girls (IRC, 2007; UN-Water, 2009; Njuguna et al., 2008) � 5.5 billion productive days per year are lost due to diarrhea and the burden of water collection (Fewtrell et al., 2007) � Women and girls, who are most commonly the primary water collectors in families, spend many hours collecting water (WHO/UNICEF, 2010) � Lack of sanitation in schools is a barrier to girls’ attendance Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and the Millennium Development Goals Part 2 85
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The Global Water Crisis: Addressing
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About the InterAction Council Estab
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Acknowledgements
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Foreword
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The undeniable seriousness of the g
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Foreword xiii
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The Global Water Crisis: Framing th
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Ethical considerations also need to
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3. Support Ratification of the UN W
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1 Water and Global Security
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Introduction Since the serious stat
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Jury and Vaux project that the numb
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5. The Potential for Conflict and t
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References Cullen, H., 2010. The We
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Introduction Water is an integral p
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shortage Statewide Regional Local N
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summer months. To alleviate the con
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References Department of Energy, 20
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Introduction Water, economic and en
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Economic analyses of ecosystem good
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• Managing for sustainability. De
Page 47 and 48: Richter, B.D., M.M. Davis, C. Apse
Page 49 and 50: Introduction Water is an essential
Page 51 and 52: early post-Cold War period, from a
Page 53 and 54: 2.4. Water, conflicts, and institut
Page 55 and 56: Renaud et al. (2011) proposed a pre
Page 57 and 58: Carius, A., D. Tänzler and A. Maas
Page 59 and 60: Turton, A.R., 2004. “The Evolutio
Page 61 and 62: Introduction In the West Asia and N
Page 63 and 64: 2. Water in the WANA Region 2.1. De
Page 65 and 66: Following on this, during a persona
Page 67 and 68: Below are some suggestions for how
Page 69 and 70: plants through evapo-transpiration)
Page 71 and 72: WANA Forum, 2010b. Toward Supra-nat
Page 73 and 74: Introduction “The trouble with wa
Page 75 and 76: • Upgrading current water infrast
Page 77 and 78: 60,000 ventilation improved pit lat
Page 79 and 80: 5. The Bottom Line It is widely ack
Page 81: The Blue Economy: Risks and Opportu
Page 84 and 85: 2.1 A Human Development Approach to
Page 86 and 87: apparatus assists nation-states in
Page 88 and 89: By ensuring that the international
Page 90 and 91: 2.2 Water and Health Security Ganes
Page 92 and 93: 1.1. Human-induced Pollutants Domes
Page 94 and 95: Table.1. Water pollutants and human
Page 96 and 97: In many urban and semi-urban areas,
Page 100 and 101: 1. The Impacts of Poor Water, Sanit
Page 102 and 103: 77 64 2015 MDG target Coverage (%)
Page 104 and 105: 3. The Neglect of the WASH Sector a
Page 106 and 107: References Checkley, W., G. Buckley
Page 108 and 109: 2.4 Water, Food and the Development
Page 110 and 111: 2. Keeping Pace with Change Since t
Page 112 and 113: one and has yet to attain widesprea
Page 114 and 115: 2.5 Investing in Women’s Particip
Page 116 and 117: of agriculture resulting mainly fro
Page 118 and 119: their substantial contribution is p
Page 120 and 121: Although cultural constraints still
Page 122 and 123: UNEP, 2009. Water Security and Ecos
Page 124 and 125: 2.6 Water Governance Reform in Afgh
Page 126 and 127: 1.2. The Extreme risk of food secur
Page 128 and 129: Furthermore, within each basin, lan
Page 130 and 131: 3.2. Early doubts vis-à-vis progre
Page 132 and 133: transboundary water management conc
Page 135 and 136: 3 Will the Right to Water Alleviate
Page 137 and 138: Introduction A growing number of ar
Page 139 and 140: 2. Ethical Perspectives on State Ob
Page 141 and 142: References Barlow, Maude, 2007. Blu
Page 143 and 144: Introduction It is widely recognize
Page 145 and 146: Later in 2010, the UN Human Rights
Page 147 and 148: 3.2. Legislative Recognition Dozens
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Mandela, M., 2002. No Water, No Fut
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Introduction South Africans have a
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water per person per day. The appli
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References Bluemel, E. B., 2004.
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Introduction Water conflicts are nu
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4. Water Policies and Their Impact
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y its interconnection to encompass
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Access to Water and Conflict: An In
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Response from the InterAction Counc
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As former U.S. President Mr. Bill C
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The InterAction Council Québec Dec
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List of Participants
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List of Participants: 29 th Annual
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