Torts - Cases, Principles, and Institutions Fifth Edition, 2016a

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Witt & Tani, TCPI 5. Plaintiffs’ Conduct Notes 1. The Tunkl factors. Why single out the factors listed in the Tunkl case rather than others? How sound is the argument that the Dalury court makes about a tipping point in the defendant’s incentives to maintain a safe ski area? 2. Divergent caselaw. While the broad version of the proposition at the core of Tunkl has gained wide acceptance, Tunkl itself has proven susceptible to a range of interpretations. Substantial disagreement persists on when it is properly invoked and how it should be applied. Take, for instance, the issue front and center in Dalury: the enforceability of ski waivers. While some courts (as in Hanks v. Powder Ridge Restaurant, 885 A.2d 734 (Conn. 2005)) have adopted the Dalury analysis wholesale, others (like the court in Platzer v. Mammoth Mountain, 128 Cal. Rptr. 2d 885 (Cal. App. 2002)) have rejected its central contention that there is a legitimate public policy rationale for voiding these waivers. More generally, the question of whether to permit ex ante waivers of tortfeasors’ liability for negligence is answered in widely divergent ways in different states and by different courts. For instance, in Schrier v. Beltway Alarm, 553 A.2d 1316 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1987), a decision later cited approvingly by that state’s highest court, a Maryland appellate court held that a waiver signed by a store owner limiting the liability of an alarm company was not void as against public policy even where the store owner was shot in a burglary as a result of the alleged failure of the alarm company to contact the police. In a case nearly at the other extreme, the New Mexico Supreme Court held in Berlangieri v. Running Elk, 76 P.3d 1098 (N.M. 2003), that a waiver the defendant sought to apply to bar recovery for injuries the plaintiff had suffered while horseback riding was unenforceable as against public policy. The following chart conveys some sense of the state-by-state variability in this area: 284
Witt & Tani, TCPI 5. Plaintiffs’ Conduct Not Enforced Louisiana Montana Virginia Likelihood to Enforce Liability Waivers Strict Standards Moderate Standards Lenient Standards Alaska Colorado Alabama Arkansas Florida Kansas Connecticut Illinois Massachusetts Hawaii Minnesota Nebraska Kentucky North Carolina Ohio Mississippi Oregon Georgia Nevada South Dakota Maryland New Jersey Washington Michigan Pennsylvania Iowa North Dakota Vermont D.C. Tennessee Arizona Idaho California New Mexico Delaware Oklahoma Indiana South Carolina Maine Texas Montana West Virginia New Hampshire New York Utah Wisconsin Likelihood to Enforce Parental Waivers Insufficient Information Puerto Rico Rhode Island Very unlikely Courts have refused to enforce Possible Rulings indicate enforcement possibility Excellent There is a statue in place* or courts have enforced in one or more cases Insufficient Information Alaska Arkansas Louisiana Montana Tennessee Virginia Hawaii Maine New Jersey Texas Washington Illinois Michigan Pennsylvania Utah West Virginia Arizona Idaho Mississippi Alaska* Colorado* Florida Massachusetts Ohio California Connecticut Georgia Indiana Wisconsin Alabama Iowa Maryland North Carolina New Mexico Oklahoma South Carolina Wyoming Delaware Indiana Minnesota Nebraska Nevada Oregon South Dakota Kansas Kentucky Montana New Hampshire New York Rhode Island Vermont Source: DOYICE J. COTTEN & MARY B. COTTEN, WAIVERS AND RELEASES OF LIABILITY (9th ed. 2016) What the Tunkl court itself observed still apparently holds true: “No definition of the concept of public interest can be contained within the four corners of a formula. The concept, always the subject of great debate, has ranged over the whole course of the common law; rather than attempt to prescribe its nature, we can only designate the situations in which it has been applied.” 383 P.2d at 444. 285
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