goals. More specifically, it remains to be determined just how significant NT will become in agriculture and what the future holds for the use of cloned and transgenic livestock in (ph)farming systems. Cloning and Transgenesis 113 References Acknowledgement This work was supported by the New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology and AgResearch. Adams, N.R., Briegel, J.R. and Ward, K.A. (2002) The impact of a transgene for ovine growth hormone on the performance of two breeds of sheep. Journal of <strong>Animal</strong> Science 80, 2325–2333. Anon. (2006) Transgenic milk prospects turn sour. Nature Biotechnology 24, 368. Archer, G.S., Dindot, S., Friend, T.H., Walker, S., Zaunbrecher, G., Lawhorn, B. and Piedrahita, J.A. (2003) Hierarchical phenotypic and epigenetic variation in cloned swine. Biology of Reproduction 69, 430–436. Baguisi, A., Behboodi, E., Melican, D.T., Pollock, J.S., Destrempes, M.M., Cammuso, C., Williams, J.L., Nims, S.D., Porter, C.A., Midura, P., Palacios, M.J., Ayres, S.L., Denniston, R.S., Hayes, M.L., Ziomek, C.A., Meade, H.M., Godke, R.A., Gavin, W.G., Overstrom, E.W. and Echelard, Y. (1999) Production of goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nature Biotechnology 17, 456–461. Bawden, C.S., Powell, B.C., Walker, S.K. and Rogers, G.E. (1998) Expression of a wool intermediate filament keratin transgene in sheep fibre alters structure. Transgenic Research 7, 273–287. Behboodi, E., Ayres, S.L., Memili, E., O’Coin, M., Chen, L.H., Reggio, B.C., Landry, A.M., Gavin, W.G., Meade, H.M., Godke, R.A. and Echelard, Y. (2005) Health and reproductive profiles of malaria antigenproducing transgenic goats derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cloning Stem Cells 7, 107–118. Boiani, M., Eckardt, S., Leu, N.A., Scholer, H.R. and McLaughlin, K.J. (2003) Pluripotency deficit in clones overcome by clone-clone aggregation: epigenetic complementation? Embo Journal 22, 5304–5312. Bourchis, D., Le Bourhis, D., Patin, D., Niveleau, A., Comizzoli, P., Renard, J.P. and Viegas-Pequignot, E. (2001) Delayed and incomplete reprogramming of chromosome methylation patterns in bovine cloned embryos. Current Biology 11, 1542–1546. Brink, M.F., Bishop, M.D. and Pieper, F.R. (2000) Developing efficient strategies for the generation of transgenic cattle which produce biopharmaceuticals in milk. Theriogenology 53, 139–148. Brinster, R.L. and Avarbock, M.R. (1994) Germline transmission of donor haplotype following spermatogonial transplantation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91, 11303–11307. Brophy, B., Smolenski, G., Wheeler, T., Wells, D., L’Huillier, P. and Laible, G. (2003) Cloned transgenic cattle produce milk with higher levels of beta-casein and kappa-casein. Nature Biotechnology 21, 157–162. Bueler, H., Aguzzi, A., Sailer, A., Greiner, R.A., Autenried, P., Aguet, M. and Weissmann, C. (1993) Mice devoid of PrP are resistant to scrapie. Cell 73, 1339–1347. Campbell, K.H., McWhir, J., Ritchie, W.A. and Wilmut, I. (1996) Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line. Nature 380, 64–66. Carter, D.B., Lai, L., Park, K.W., Samuel, M., Lattimer, J.C., Jordan, K.R., Estes, D.M., Besch-Williford, C. and Prather, R.S. (2002) Phenotyping of transgenic cloned piglets. Cloning Stem Cells 4, 131–145. Carver, A.G., Wright, D., Cottom, J., Cooper, M., Dalrymple, S., Temperley, M., Udell, D., Reeves, J., Percy, A., Scott, D., Barrass, Y., Gibson, Y., Jeffrey, C., Coleman, S.A. and Garner, I. (1992) Expression of human alpha 1 antitrypsin in transgenic sheep. Cytotechnology 9, 77–84. Castilla, J., Pintado, B., Sola, I., Sanchez-Morgado, J.M. and Enjuanes, L. (1998) Engineering passive immunity in transgenic mice secreting virus-neutralizing antibodies in milk. Nature Biotechnology 16, 349–354. Cerasoli, D.M., Griffiths, E.M., Doctor, B.P., Saxena, A., Fedorko, J.M., Greig, N.H., Yu, Q.S., Huang, Y., Wilgus, H., Karatzas, C.N., Koplovitz, I. and Lenz, D.E. (2005) In vitro and in vivo characterization of recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase (Protexia) as a potential nerve agent bioscavenger. Chemico- Biological Interactions 157–158, 363–365. Chesne, P., Adenot, P.G., Viglietta, C., Baratte, M., Boulanger, L. and Renard, J.P. (2002) Cloned rabbits produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nature Biotechnology 20, 366–369. Cibelli, J.B., Stice, S.L., Golueke, P.J., Kane, J.J., Jerry, J., Blackwell, C., Ponce de Leon, F.A. and Robl, J.M. (1998) Cloned transgenic calves produced from nonquiescent fetal fibroblasts. Science 280, 1256–1258.
114 D.N. Wells and G. Laible Clark, A., Bessos, H., Bishop, J., Brown, P., Harris, S., Lathe, R., McClenaghan, M., Prowse, C., Simons, J., Whitehaw, C. and Wilmut, I. (1989) Expression of human anti-hemophilic factor IX in the milk of transgenic sheep. Bio/Technology 7, 487–492. Clark, A.J. (1998) The mammary gland as a bioreactor: expression, processing, and production of recombinant proteins. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 3, 337–350. Clark, J. and Whitelaw, B. (2003) A future for transgenic livestock. Nature Reviews Genetics 4, 825–833. Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health (2004) Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. National Academies Press, Washington, DC. Cyranoski, D. (2003) Koreans rustle up madness-resistant cows. Nature 426, 743. Damak, S., Su, H., Jay, N.P. and Bullock, D.W. (1996) Improved wool production in transgenic sheep expressing insulin-like growth factor 1. Biotechnology (NY) 14, 185–188. Dean, W., Santos, F., Stojkovic, M., Zakhartchenko, V., Walter, J., Wolf, E. and Reik, W. (2001) Conservation of methylation reprogramming in mammalian development: aberrant reprogramming in cloned embryos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, 13734–13738. Dean, W., Santos, F. and Reik, W. (2003) Epigenetic reprogramming in early mammalian development and following somatic nuclear transfer. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology 14, 93–100. Denning, C., Burl, S., Ainslie, A., Bracken, J., Dinnyes, A., Fletcher, J., King, T., Ritchie, M., Ritchie, W.A., Rollo, M., de Sousa, P., Travers, A., Wilmut, I. and Clark, A.J. (2001a) Deletion of the alpha(1,3)galactosyl transferase (GGTA1) gene and the prion protein (PrP) gene in sheep. Nature Biotechnology 19, 559–562. Denning, C., Dickinson, P., Burl, S., Wylie, D., Fletcher, J. and Clark, A.J. (2001b) Gene targeting in primary fetal fibroblasts from sheep and pig. Cloning Stem Cells 3, 221–231. Dobrinski, I. (2005) Germ cell transplantation and testis tissue xenografting in domestic animals. <strong>Animal</strong> Reproduction Science 89, 137–145. Dus Santos, M.J. and Wigdorovitz, A. (2005) Transgenic plants for the production of veterinary vaccines. Immunology and Cell Biology 83, 229–238. Dyck, M.K., Gagne, D., Ouellet, M., Senechal, J.F., Belanger, E., Lacroix, D., Sirard, M.A. and Pothier, F. (1999) Seminal vesicle production and secretion of growth hormone into seminal fluid. Nature Biotechnology 17, 1087–1090. Dyck, M.K., Lacroix, D., Pothier, F. and Sirard, M.A. (2003) Making recombinant proteins in animals – different systems, different applications. Trends in Biotechnology 21, 394–399. Einsiedel, E.F. (2005) Public perceptions of transgenic animals. Revue Scientifique et Technique 24, 149–157. Enright, B.P., Kubota, C., Yang, X. and Tian, X.C. (2003) Epigenetic characteristics and development of embryos cloned from donor cells treated by trichostatin A or 5-aza-2¢-deoxycytidine. Biology of Reproduction 69, 896–901. Fadiel, A., Anidi, I. and Eichenbaum, K.D. (2005) Farm animal genomics and informatics: an update. Nucleic Acids Research 33, 6308–6318. FAO/WHO (2003a) Guideline for the conduct of food safety assessment of foods derived from recombinant- DNA plants, www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/10021/CXG_045e.pdf (accessed 21 May 2006) FAO/WHO (2003b) Principles for the risk analysis of foods derived from modern biotechnology, www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/10007/CXG_044e.pdf (accessed 21 May 2006) FDA 2006. A Risk-Based Approach to Evaluate <strong>Animal</strong> Clones and Their Progeny - DRAFT. http://www.fda. gov/cvm/CloneRiskAssessment.htm [Date accessed 17 April 2007]. Fearon, A.M. Mayne, C.S., Beattie, J.A.M. and Bruce, D.W. (2004) Effect of level of oil inclusion in the diet of dairy cows at pasture on <strong>Animal</strong> performance and milk composition and properties. Journal of the Science of Food and <strong>Agriculture</strong> 84, 497–504. Fishman, J.A. and Patience, C. (2004) Xenotransplantation: infectious risk revisited. American Journal of Transplantation 4, 1383–1390. Forsberg, E.J. (2005) Commercial applications of nuclear transfer cloning: three examples. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, 59–68. Forsyth, J.T., Troskie, H.E., Brophy, B., Wells, D.N. and Laible, G. (2005) Utilising preimplantation genetic diagnosis and OPU-IVP-ET to generate multiple progeny of predetermined genotype from cloned transgenic heifers. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, Abstract 330.
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Redesigning Animal Agriculture The
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Redesigning Animal Agriculture The
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Contents Contributors vii Acknowled
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Contributors Margaret Alston, Direc
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Acknowledgements “The editors gra
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Introduction to Redesigning Animal
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Introduction xiii factors). In rede
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1 Redesigning Animal Agriculture: a
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ing to the confusions and complexit
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such as environmental integrity alo
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The Systems Idea in Agriculture Sys
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These are all matters that are enti
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was intended to capture this vital
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wants and needs to be comprehensive
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people who can journey together tow
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A Systemic Perspective 17 Gunderson
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and telecommunications infrastructu
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y a move from a more intensive indu
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from 10 to 40% higher than urban Au
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in rural areas - environmental degr
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young people are leaving farms and
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Maintaining Vibrant Rural Communiti
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views in philosophical animal ethic
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case of virtues) there are specific
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animal ethics that is dominated by
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involves a detailed analysis of the
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to the idea that it is not wrong af
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not show sufficient respect to anim
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that ethical norms and ethical voca
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Ethics of Livestock Science 45 Diam
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plasticity of the genome and the po
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a highly predictable and beneficial
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immune response genes in both speci
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annotate these regions. The Herefor
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to their production source. This ca
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cially viable genetic tests. One re
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additive effects of the contributin
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understanding the relationship betw
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0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0e+00
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confronting models with data in thi
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This is especially surprising since
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Stochastic Process-based Modelling
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10 Reef Safe Beef: Environmentally
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and most beef is produced under ext
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Mean NDVI Burdekin Mean NDVI Fitzro
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High biomass/cover Also, the increa
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Good or ‘A’ condition has the f
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Value ($) Grazier disinclination of
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Reef Safe Beef 183 Ludwig, J.A., Wi
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11 Meeting Ecological Restoration T
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evidence of only slight degradation
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Throughout the UK, there are spatia
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Quarterly flow weighted mean nitrat
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suggest that the majority of inland
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Table 11.3. Current problems in dif
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of diffuse nutrient loading on wate
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● Introducing full nutrient budge
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following scenario 1, and scenario
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Ecological Restoration Targets 203
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This chapter draws on two examples
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(Firbank, 2005; Potter and Tilzey,
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growth in the export market has com
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the use of larger amounts of agroch
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need to establish partnerships with
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Social, Environmental and Economic
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adaptation to environment genetic b
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sequencing of 10, 000 non-redundant
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transfer of nutrients and micro-org
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genotypic value, and EBV 67-68 germ
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livestock transgenics for agricultu
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quantitative genetics use 66-69 sys
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speciesism 35 sperm-mediated gene t
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water quality EU Water Framework Di