Redesigning Animal Agriculture

More documents

Recommendations

Info

speciesism 35 sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) 101, 124 sperm-selection strategies 87, 108 spermatogenesis 81 donor-derived 82 under germ cell control 82 spermatogonia enrichment, techniques 85 spermatogonial stem cells 81, 98 advantages compared to NT 101 assay 82 cross-species transplantation 82 enrichment from immature testis 85 targeted mutagenesis 88 to produce transgenic animals 101 stochastic process-based modelling 144–168 applications 159–168 individual grazing behaviour 159–165 spread of an invasive species across a landscape 165–168 demographic stochasticity 148–149 discrete state–space Markov processes 146, 148 environmental fluctuations 149–150 formulation and analysis of stochastic models 148 general case 155–156 immigration–death process (basic model) 148–152 immigration–death process (including susceptible–infected disease dynamics) 152–156 handling of uncertainty 146–147 of heterogeneity at population and individual levels 145–146 joint estimation of parameters and missing data 147 parameter estimation, general formulation 156–157 reversible-jump Metropolis–Hastings algorithm 157–159 subsidized food production, EU 208 sugarcane production, Great Barrier Reef catchment 173–174 suicide, rural communities 23 sustainability science, emergence of 15–16 sustainable agriculture, transgenic livestock for 107–108 sustainable approach to livestock development 206–207 economic, environmental and social outcomes 206 synteny 72 synthetic siRNAs 129–131 systemic action research in rural development 10 systemic agricultural education 10 Index 229 systemic capability development and epistemic transformations 13–14 systemic development in animal agriculture 11–14 systemic science 15–16 systemics First Order 3–4, 5, 9 orders of 3–6 Second Order 6, 9 Third Order 4, 5, 6, 9 systems approach 1–2 cognitive systems 8–11 critical learning systems 14–15 natural and social systems 5 to agriculture 2–3, 6–8, 15 to redesigning animal agriculture 3–4, 5–6, 9, 11–13 systems biology approach to precision animal breeding 75–77 systems movement in agriculture 6–8 testicular irradiation 84 tetracycline-inducible system (tetO) 131 therapeutic proteins conventional production 101–102 mammary gland production 102 recombinant forms 102 Third Order Systemics 4, 5, 6, 9 critical learning systems as component 15 time–homogeneous Markov processes 168 general case 155–156 parameter estimation 156–157 total genetic value 67 traceback to individual production animals 54–55 traditional science epistemological perspective 11 role in development 12 transfected germ cells, transplantation 96 transgenesis ethical issues 39–41 potential to allow more targeted animal breeding 112 transgenic animal food products consumer acceptance 97, 109–110, 136–137 regulatory issues 97, 109 transgenic animals 86 acceptance provided a clear benefit 112 alternative production methodologies 100–101 animal welfare concerns 110–111 debate as to their value in agriculture 112 economic considerations 112 from cells genetically modified in vitro 98 advantages 98–99 from pronuclear microinjection of DNA 87, 99, 100, 122–123
230 Index transgenic animals (continued) gain-of-function 111 industry adoption 111–112 loss-of-function 112 produced using nuclear transfer technology 96, 98 for sustainable agriculture 107–108 through combined cloning and genetic modification 98–100 using lentiviral vector transgenesis 100–101, 123–124, 131, 134 using sperm as vectors to introduce foreign DNA into ooctyes 101 using spermatogonial stem cells 101 transgenic applications 101 livestock transgenics for agriculture 104–108 for biomedicine 101–104 transgenic cattle comparison of three potential approaches 88 limitations 88 produced through lentiviral vector transgenesis 123 transgenic chickens avian influenza resistant 134–136 Mx gene to induce resistance to avian influenza 125 produced through lentiviral vector transgenesis 123–124 RNA decoys to induce resistance to avian influenza 125 shRNA sequences targeted to influenza A viruses 136 transgenic dairy animals 86–87 transgenic dairy cattle difficulties of industry adoption 111 milk parameter modification 105–107 transgenic goats, produced through lentiviral vector transgenesis 123 transgenic livestock 121–137 transforming technologies 122–124 transgenic males, to introduce genetic modifications into wider livestock population 111 transgenic pigs 87 enriched with omega-3 fatty acids 105 inappropiate over-expression of growth hormone 110 parasite resistance 108 produced through lentiviral vector transgenesis 123 reduction in environmental pollution 108 to study retinitis pigmentosa 104 transgenic plants ethical acceptance of 103 for pharmaceutical production 103 transgenic sheep growth rate and health issues 104 parasite resistance 108 wool growth and parameters 107 ‘tree-changers’, moving into rural communities 22 triple bottom line accounting 214 tropical adapatability, selection for 71–72 tropical adaptation, definition 71 tropical beef cattle production systems, crossbreeding parameters 69, 70 ultrasound-guided cannulation into rete testis 83 uncertainty handling, stochastic process-based modelling 146–147 unisex sperm 87, 108 United Kingdom dairy industry, economic drivers 207–208 United Kingdom waters diffuse nutrient pollution problem from agricultural production practices 194–197 key contributors 193–197 lake total phosphorus concentrations 189–190 nitrate enrichment, long-term trends, River Thames 191 phosphorus enrichment, long-term trends, English Lake District 191, 192 river levels of dissolved reactive phosphorus 190 waters unlikely to meet EU WFD objectives due to diffuse P and N pressures 192–193 United States, farm families 20 urban population, growing disconnection from natural world 213 utilitarianism 33–34, 35, 36, 212 vaccine production 103 van den Bergh, Babs 40, 42 variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 55 Varner, Gary 35–36 velocity sedimentation and differential plating 85 Verhoog, Henk 41 vibrant rural communities, maintaining 18–27, 212 viral-directed immunity, RNAi role in 127 viral resistance mechanisms of livestock 124–125 Water Framework Directive (WFD) see European Union, Water Framework Directive
Page 2 and 3:
Redesigning Animal Agriculture The
Page 4 and 5:
Redesigning Animal Agriculture The
Page 6 and 7:
Contents Contributors vii Acknowled
Page 8 and 9:
Contributors Margaret Alston, Direc
Page 10 and 11:
Acknowledgements “The editors gra
Page 12 and 13:
Introduction to Redesigning Animal
Page 14 and 15:
Introduction xiii factors). In rede
Page 16 and 17:
1 Redesigning Animal Agriculture: a
Page 18 and 19:
ing to the confusions and complexit
Page 20 and 21:
such as environmental integrity alo
Page 22 and 23:
The Systems Idea in Agriculture Sys
Page 24 and 25:
These are all matters that are enti
Page 26 and 27:
was intended to capture this vital
Page 28 and 29:
wants and needs to be comprehensive
Page 30 and 31:
people who can journey together tow
Page 32 and 33:
A Systemic Perspective 17 Gunderson
Page 34 and 35:
and telecommunications infrastructu
Page 36 and 37:
y a move from a more intensive indu
Page 38 and 39:
from 10 to 40% higher than urban Au
Page 40 and 41:
in rural areas - environmental degr
Page 42 and 43:
young people are leaving farms and
Page 44 and 45:
Maintaining Vibrant Rural Communiti
Page 46 and 47:
views in philosophical animal ethic
Page 48 and 49:
case of virtues) there are specific
Page 50 and 51:
animal ethics that is dominated by
Page 52 and 53:
involves a detailed analysis of the
Page 54 and 55:
to the idea that it is not wrong af
Page 56 and 57:
not show sufficient respect to anim
Page 58 and 59:
that ethical norms and ethical voca
Page 60 and 61:
Ethics of Livestock Science 45 Diam
Page 62 and 63:
plasticity of the genome and the po
Page 64 and 65:
a highly predictable and beneficial
Page 66 and 67:
immune response genes in both speci
Page 68 and 69:
annotate these regions. The Herefor
Page 70 and 71:
to their production source. This ca
Page 72 and 73:
cially viable genetic tests. One re
Page 74 and 75:
additive effects of the contributin
Page 76 and 77:
understanding the relationship betw
Page 78 and 79:
The Impact of Genomics 63 Mattick,
Page 80 and 81:
5 Precision Animal Breeding Kishore
Page 82 and 83:
effects (e.g. contemporary groups,
Page 84 and 85:
the mean performance of the parenta
Page 86 and 87:
or even shipped out overseas as liv
Page 88 and 89:
tions underlying the desirable phen
Page 90 and 91:
3. Markers 0.25 cM apart - through
Page 92 and 93:
Infinitesimal Model y = Xb + Z1u +
Page 94 and 95:
Precision Animal Breeding 79 Jansen
Page 96 and 97:
6 Germ Cell Transplantation - a Nov
Page 98 and 99:
testicular environment could be ove
Page 100 and 101:
Brinster et al., 2003). Treatment o
Page 102 and 103:
ingly sought after to produce bioph
Page 104 and 105:
Acknowledgements Work from the auth
Page 106 and 107:
Germ Cell Transplantation 91 epigen
Page 108 and 109:
Germ Cell Transplantation 93 von Sc
Page 110 and 111:
own maternal chromosomes. This reco
Page 112 and 113:
eprogramming following NT, leading
Page 114 and 115:
species (Schnieke et al., 1997) and
Page 116 and 117:
lentivectors and RNA interference (
Page 118 and 119:
under development as a biopharmaceu
Page 120 and 121:
Rather than attempting to manipulat
Page 122 and 123:
strated in transgenic mice over-exp
Page 124 and 125:
Regulatory Issues The regulatory re
Page 126 and 127:
health, fitness and behaviour of th
Page 128 and 129:
goals. More specifically, it remain
Page 130 and 131:
Cloning and Transgenesis 115 Gama,
Page 132 and 133:
Cloning and Transgenesis 117 McCrea
Page 134 and 135:
Cloning and Transgenesis 119 Stinna
Page 136 and 137:
8 Transforming Livestock with Trans
Page 138 and 139:
have been adapted to allow more pre
Page 140 and 141:
commercial lines is apparently not
Page 142 and 143:
protection of the genome against mo
Page 144 and 145:
(Hammond et al., 2000). Binding of
Page 146 and 147:
There are a number of ways to produ
Page 148 and 149:
ules that determine siRNA activity
Page 150 and 151:
known influenza A virus H subtypes
Page 152 and 153:
will need to be balanced against th
Page 154 and 155:
Transforming Livestock with Transge
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Introduction A key difficulty faced
Page 162 and 163:
dation to probabilistic (e.g. a giv
Page 164 and 165:
Similarly, the probability that a d
Page 166 and 167:
One approach to the development of
Page 168 and 169:
1 1 nb − ( m + mI ) m XS = ( m +
Page 170 and 171:
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 value of the st
Page 172 and 173:
that shown in (9.9). In the sequel
Page 174 and 175:
Metropolis-Hastings algorithm descr
Page 176 and 177:
30 20 10 logging system composed of
Page 178 and 179:
0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0e+00
Page 180 and 181:
confronting models with data in thi
Page 182 and 183:
This is especially surprising since
Page 184 and 185:
Stochastic Process-based Modelling
Page 186 and 187:
10 Reef Safe Beef: Environmentally
Page 188 and 189:
and most beef is produced under ext
Page 190 and 191:
Mean NDVI Burdekin Mean NDVI Fitzro
Page 192 and 193:
High biomass/cover Also, the increa
Page 194 and 195: Good or ‘A’ condition has the f
Page 196 and 197: Value ($) Grazier disinclination of
Page 198 and 199: Reef Safe Beef 183 Ludwig, J.A., Wi
Page 200 and 201: 11 Meeting Ecological Restoration T
Page 202 and 203: evidence of only slight degradation
Page 204 and 205: Throughout the UK, there are spatia
Page 206 and 207: Quarterly flow weighted mean nitrat
Page 208 and 209: suggest that the majority of inland
Page 210 and 211: Table 11.3. Current problems in dif
Page 212 and 213: of diffuse nutrient loading on wate
Page 214 and 215: ● Introducing full nutrient budge
Page 216 and 217: following scenario 1, and scenario
Page 218 and 219: Ecological Restoration Targets 203
Page 220 and 221: This chapter draws on two examples
Page 222 and 223: (Firbank, 2005; Potter and Tilzey,
Page 224 and 225: growth in the export market has com
Page 226 and 227: the use of larger amounts of agroch
Page 228 and 229: need to establish partnerships with
Page 230 and 231: Social, Environmental and Economic
Page 232 and 233: adaptation to environment genetic b
Page 234 and 235: sequencing of 10, 000 non-redundant
Page 236 and 237: transfer of nutrients and micro-org
Page 238 and 239: genotypic value, and EBV 67-68 germ
Page 240 and 241: livestock transgenics for agricultu
Page 242 and 243: quantitative genetics use 66-69 sys
Page 246: water quality EU Water Framework Di
show all

Redesigning Animal Agriculture

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?