Redesigning Animal Agriculture

222 Index
farmers (continued)
directly responsible for environmental
change 211
production of cheaper food through
agricultural intensification 206,
210–211
as responsible for preserving the
landscape 210
feed utilization efficiency 108
fetal fibroblasts 99
genetic modification limitations 99
First Order Systemics 3, 5, 9
CSIRO Livestock Industries 3, 4
fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) 85
fly counts, and body weights 71
food oversupply, Europe 208
food products from GM animals
consumer acceptance 97, 109–110
regulatory issues 97, 109
safety assessment 97, 109
food safety, public concerns over 213
food safety requirements, Australian beef 209
food scandals 213
food supply, interventionist policy,
Europe 207–208
foot and mouth disease 49, 121
functional genomics 52
functional mutations, applications 72
functional proteins, chemical synthesis 103
gain-of-function transgenes 111
Gametic Model 67
gene expression analysis, microarray-based 60
gene expression profiling 75–76
gene interactions
and epigenetics 60
and epistasis 60, 68
impact on phenotype 59, 60
gene markers
for beef cattle traits 57
and identification of causal
polymorphism 58–59
practical applications 72
use with statistical methods 73–74
use with traditional animal breeding tools 72
see also marker-assisted selection
gene targeting 99
combining with NT 99
sequential 100
general mixed models 66–67
equations 67
variance–covariance structure 67
genes
identification of causal polymorphism in 59
measurement of all activity expressed in a
given tissue 52
genetic correlation
between productive traits and adaptation
attributes 71–72
between resistance and growth traits 71
genetic engineering 205
applications 206
ethical concerns 39–41, 43–44
public concerns over 4
suspicion of 205
to impart resistance to viral infection
124–125, 134–136
genetic gain
dissemination of 98
economic considerations 112
genetic modification
combining with cloning 98–100
prior to fertilization 87
genetic testing
beef cattle production traits 57
economic considerations 57
monogenic diseases and traits 55–56
genetic value 66, 67
genetic variation in complex production traits 58
genetically modified food products 55
consumer acceptance of 97, 109–110
regulatory issues 97, 109
safety of 97, 109
genetically modified large animals, techniques
to produce 87
genome, fidelity and plasticity of 46–47
genome complexity 59
genome sequences
bovine 48, 50–58
comparison between mammal groups to
observe conserved and non-conserved
regions 51
human 48–49
information contained 49–50
genome sequencing 48
bovine genome 48, 50–58
costs involved 48
motivations for 48–49
reasons for expending large sums of money
on 48–49
genome-wide association studies 59, 60
genomics
and animal breeding 47
challenges 57–60
comparative 51
definition 47
and development of genome sequences 48
functional 52
future direction 60–61
modern capabilities 47–48
genotype–environment interactions 68, 69
genotypes, superior, dissemination to
commercial farmers 97–98