April 2012 Volume 15 Number 2 - Educational Technology & Society

On the whole, the learners’ traffic violation reflection level improved by the end of the test. The mean differences
between the pre-test and post-test positively increased among the four groups. Also, by the end of the experiment,
analysis of the traffic violation reflection levels for all groups indicated the proposed ML environment significantly
reduced the gap in reflective levels between the graduate student group and college student group. In particular, the
female and college age groups (Group F-L) showed the greatest improvement, and the male and college age groups
(Group M-L) were second. These findings indirectly explain why the analysis of the UMLS questionnaire score from
females was significantly higher than males and the score from college students was significantly higher than
graduates.
Table 6. One-way ANOVA analyses of pre-test and post-test means on reflection level among groups
Sum of squares df Mean square F Sig.
Pre-test Between groups 5.38 3 1.79 13.79 .002 *
Within groups 1.04 8 0.13
Total 6.42 11
Post-test Between groups 0.51 3 0.17 1.23 .360
Within groups 1.11 8 0.13
Total 1.63 11
* p