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110 Commission 4 – Positioning and Applications observations. Work devoted to this topic comprises BISCHOFF et al. (2005; 2006) as well as HOWIND (2005). The impact of systematic errors on long baseline kinematic GPS processing and ambiguity estimation is dealt with in SCHÜLER (2006). Precise GNSS Positioning GNSS is actively and broadly used for positioning in geodetic applications. Exemplarily, a few prominent uses are briefly mentioned here with links to other relevant sections of this national report. A typical and – in terms of positioning accuracy – highly challenging application is deformation monitoring as well as the detection of geodynamic phenomena. An example for the detection and monitoring of regional deformation in the Rhine embayment due to coal mining activities can be found in GÖRRES et al. (2006), displacements in the Upper Rhine Graben are investigated by ROZSA et al. (2005), for instance. Vertical ground-motion and intraplate settings in the Ardenne-Eiffel region are studied in DEMOULIN et al. (2005). Groups at the TU Karlsruhe and a number of other research institutions are active regarding GPS-based deformation analysis ADAM et al. (2002). Furthermore, 3-dimensional plate kinematics in Romania can be found in HOEVEN et al. (2004). Please also refer to section “Commission 3 – Earth Rotation and Geodynamics – Crustal Deformation and Geodynamics”. Moreover, the stability of fundamental station Wettzell is monitored by a cluster of receivers in order to investigate local and environmental effects (LECHNER, 2003; LECHNER et al., 2003; SCHLÜTER et al., 2005). A monitoring system for deformation of buildings like bridges with real-time capabilities is described by HEIN and RIEDL (2003). Further aspects of this engineering topic can be found in section “Applications in Engineering”. Secondly, a tendency towards an entirely kinematic satellite orbit determination – i.e. orbit determination by GNSS positioning – can be observed during the past few years since more and more low-Earth orbiting (LEO) satellites are equipped with geodetic-quality GPS receivers for POD (precise orbit determination). The determination of kinematic (and reduced-dynamic) trajectories for CHAMP, GRACE, Jason, COSMIC is exercised by (SVEHLA and ROTHACHER, 2003; 2005; SVEHLA and FÖLDVARY, 2006), for instance, with orbits computed for CHAMP and GRACE covering more than two years in the meantime. Also, ambiguity resolution for CHAMP and for baselines between the two GRACE satellites is subject of research (SVEHLA and ROTHACHER, 2003). Further information can be found in section “Satellite Orbit Modelling”. Finally, in recent years, the potential to exploit low-cost GPS receivers – that were originally manufactured for the consumer market – for geodetic purposes has been investigated in detail. These receivers are typically L1-only devices and are therefore limited to short-baseline applications. In particular, GARMIN receivers offer an experimental output of PLL-related observations (like carrier-phase and Doppler shift measurements). Although these devices suffer from several limitations, e.g. half-cycle slips, centimetre-level point precision can be obtained from static observations (SCHWIEGER, 2003; 2004; 2005; SCHWIEGER and WANNIN- GER, 2006). GNSS/INS-Integration Although GNSS offers many benefits to the geodetic community, it is clear that major disadvantages of this technique are related to availability and continuity of service (mainly due to obstacles leading to data gaps). For this reason, research regarding the integration of GPS and INS (Inertial Navigation Systems) is an ongoing topic within the community. (KIPKA, 2006) describes such a combined surveying system that also integrates network concepts like area correction parameters and virtual reference station allowing to access active GPS reference networks (e.g. SAPOS). Further examples for GPS/INS- Integration can be found in section “Navigation”. References ADAM F., DEDE K., HECK B., KUTTERER H., MAYER M., SEITZ K., SZUCS L.: GPS deformation measurements in the geodynamic test network Soskut. Periodica Polytechnica, Ser. Civ. Eng. Vol. 46, No. 2, 2002, S.169-177. AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.-A., HEIN G.W., WALLNER S., SCHÜLER T., SCHÜLER E., IRSIGLER M.: Revised Combined Galileo/GPS Frequency and Signal Performance Analysis, Proceedings of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, ION-GNSS 2005, 13-16 September, 2005, Long Beach, California AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.A., WALLNER S., HEIN G.W.,REBEYROL E., JULIEN O., MACABIAU C., RIES L., DELATOUR A., LESTARQUIT L., ISSLER J.-L.: CBOC – An Implementation of MBOC, Proceedings of First CNES Workshop on Galileo Signals and Signal Processing, 12-13 October 2006, IAS (Institut Aero Spatial ) Toulouse, France, 10 pages BISCHOFF W., HECK B., HOWIND J., TEUSCH A.: A procedure for testing the assumption of homoscedasticity in least squares residuals: a case study of GPS carrier-phase observations. Journal of Geodesy, 78, 2005, S.397-404. BISCHOFF W., HECK B., HOWIND J., TEUSCH A.: A procedure for estimating the variance function of linear models: a case study of GPS carrier-phase observations. Journal of Geodesy, 79, 2006, S.694-704 BORCH R., MAYER M., LINDNER K., DEPENTHAL C., HECK B.: Das ganze Ausmaß der Antarktis. Forschung, Magazin der DFG (28) 3/2003, S.4-8. BORCH R., MAYER M., LINDNER K., DEPENTHAL C., HECK B.: The Whole Extent of the Antarctic. German Research, 25, 3/2003, S.4-8. BROCKMANN E., BÜRKI B., GURTNER W., HIRT C. MARTI U., MÜLLER A., SCHLATTER A., RICHARD P., SCHNEIDER D., WIGET A: Realization of a Swiss Combined Geodetic Network (CH-CHN). EUREF’04 Symposium of the IAG Commission 1, Bratislava, Slovakia, 2004. CAMPBELL J., GÖRRES B., NOTHNAGEL A., FROITZHEIM N., VALDIVIA-MANCHEGO M.: Present-Day and Quaternary Tectonic Motions in the Lower Rhine Embayment and the Rhenish Massif, Joint Earth Science Meeting "Continental Extension" der Geologischen Vereinigung, Strasbourg/ France, Sep. 20-25, 2004
CHEN X., DEKING A., LANDAU H., STOLZ R., VOLLATH U.: Correction Formats on Network RTK performance, Proceedings of ION-GNSS 2005, Sept. 2005, pp. 2523-2530. CHEN X., VOLLATH U., LANDAU H.: Will GALILEO/Modernized GPS Obsolete Network RTK, Proceedings of ENC-GNSS 2004, May, 2004, Rotterdam, Netherlands. CHEN X., LANDAU H., VOLLATH U.: New Tools for Network RTK Integrity Monitoring, Proceedings of ION-GPS/GNSS 2003, Sept. 2003, pp. 1355-1361. CHEN X., LANDAU H., VOLLATH U.: Federated Filter Approach for GNSS Network Processing, Proceedings of IAIN Conference, Korea, Oct. 2006 CLOETINGH S., ZIEGLER P., CORNU T. et al.: Investigating Environmental Tectonics in Northern Alpine Foreland of Europe. EOS, Vol. 84, No. 36, Sept. 2003, S.349-360, 2004. DEMOULIN A., CAMPBELL J., WULF A. D., MULS A., ARNOULD R., GÖRRES B., FISCHER D., KÖTTER T., BRONDEEL M., VAN DAMME D., JACQMOTTE J.M.: GPS monitoring of vertical ground motion in northern Ardenne-Eifel: five campaigns (1999-2003) of the HARD project, Int. J. Earth Sci (Geolog. Rundsch) 94: 515-524 (2005) DIETRICH R., RÜLKE A., IHDE J., LINDNER K., MILLER H., NIE- MEIER W., SCHENKE H.-W., SEEBER G.: Plate kinematics and deformation status of the Antarctic Peninsula based on GPS. Elsevier, Global and Planetary Change, 42, S.313-321, 2004. EISSFELLER B., IRSIGLER M., AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.-A., SCHÜLER E., SCHÜLER T.: Das europäische Satellitennavigationssystem GALILEO – Entwicklungsstand, AVN – Allgemeine Vermessungsnachrichten 02/2007, S. 42-55, Wißner Verlag EISSFELLER B.: Galileo: Das europäische Satellitennavigationssystem, Bulletin, SEV Verband für Elektro-, Energie- und Informationstechnik, 2004 FREIBERGER JR. J., MAYER M., SEITZ K., HECK B., PEREIA KRUEGER C.: Calibracao de antenas GPS em diferentes estacoes. Boletim de Ciencias Geodesicas, Vol. 11, 2/2005, S. 157-178. FREIBERGER JR. J., HECK B., PEREIRA KRUEGER C., MAYER M., SEITZ K.: Estimacao do centro de fase medio de antennas gps. Serie em Ciencias Geodesicas, As Ciencias Geodesicas nas Politicas de Desenvolvimento 2005, Vol. 5, S. 36-48. GERLACH CH.: GALILEO – ein gemeinsames europäisches Unternehmen. DVW-Mitteilungen, DVW-Bayern (Hrsg.), 2006, 58, 3. GÖRRES B., SAGER B., CAMPBELL J.: Geodätische Bestimmung von Bodenbewegungen im Bereich des Erftsprungsystems, Zeitschrift für Vermessungswesen, S.16-24, 2006 GRUBER A.: Modellierung von GALILEO- und GPS-Beobachtungen, Diplomarbeit, Nr. 189, Institut für Astronomische und Physikalische Geodäsie, Technische Universität München, 2006. HEIN G. W., RIEDL B.: Real-Time Monitoring of Highway Bridges using DREAMS. Proceedings of 11th International Symposium on Deformation Measurements, Santorini Island, Greece, May 25-28, 2003 HEIN G., PANY T.: The European Satellite Navigation System Galileo, Wuhan University Journal of Nature Sciences, Vol.8 No.2B, 2003. HEIN G.W., AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.A., WALLNER S.: The DaVinci Galileo Code and Others, Inside GNSS – Working Papers, Inside GNSS, Vol. 1, No. 6, September 2006 HEIN G.W., AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.A., WALLNER S.: MBOC: The New Optimized Spreading Modulation Recommended for T. Schüler: GNSS Positioning 111 GALILEO L1 OS and GPS L1C, Inside GNSS – Working Papers, Vol. 1, No. 4, May/June 2006, pp. 57-65 HEIN G.W., AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.A., WALLNER S., PRATT A.R., OWEN J., ISSLER J.L., BETZ J.W., HEGARTY C.J., LENAHAN S., RUSHANAN J.J., KRAAY A.L., STANSELL T.A.: MBOC: The New Optimized Spreading Modulation Recommended for GALILEO L1 OS and GPS L1C, Proceedings of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, IEEE/ION PLANS 2006, 24-27 April, 2006, Loews Coronado Bay Resort, San Diego, California HEIN G.W AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.-A.: Combining Galileo PRS and GPS M-Code, Inside GNSS – Working Papers, Vol. 1, No. 1, January/February 2006 HEIN G.W., AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.-A., RIES L., LESTARQUIT L., ISSLER J.-L., GODET J., PRATT A.R.: A Candidate for the Galileo L1 OS Optimized Signal, Proceedings of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, ION-GNSS 2005, 13-16 September, 2005, Long Beach, California HEIN G.W., AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.-A.: Performance of a Galileo PRS/GPS M-Code Combined Service, Proceedings of the National Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, ION NTM 2005, January 24-26, 2005, San Diego, California HEIN G.W., IRSIGLER M., AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.A., PANY T.: Performance of Galileo L1 Signal Candidates, Proceedings of the European Navigation Conference GNSS 2004, 16-19 May 2004 Rotterdam, The Netherlands HEIN, G., GODET J., ISSLER J., MARTIN J., ERHARD P., LUCAS- RODRIGUEZ R., PRATT T.: Galileo Frequency and Signal Design, GPS World, vol. 14, no. 6, June, 2003, pp. 30-37. HEIN G. W., AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J., WALLNER ST., EISSFELLER B., PANY TH., HARTL PH.: Envisioning a Futre GNSS System of Systems: Part 1. Inside GNSS, www.insidegnss. com, January/February 2007, pp. 58-67 HEINZE M.: Kombinierte Auswertung von GPS- und GALILEO- Beobachtungen für ein globales Stationsnetz, Diplomarbeit, Nr. 187, Institut für Astronomische und Physikalische Geodäsie, Technische Universität München, 2006. HEIRIES V., AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.-A., HEIN G.W., IRSIGLER M., REBEYROL E., ROVIRAS D.: Acquisition Performance Analysis of Alternative Optimized GALILEO Signals, Proceedings of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, ION-GNSS 2005, 13-16 September, 2005, Long Beach, California HIRT C.: The Digital Zenith Camera TZK2-D – a Modern High- Precision Geodetic Instrument for Automatic Geographic Positioning in Real-Time. 12th Meeting of the Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems (ADASS) of the Space Telescope Science Institute, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series Vol. 295: 155-159, San Francisco, 2003. HOEVEN A.G.A. VAN DER AMBROSIUS B.A.C., SCHMITT G., DINTER G., MOCANU V., SPAKMAN W.: GPS Probes the Kinematics of the Vrancea Seismo-genic Zone. EOS, Vol. 85, Nr.19, 2004. HOWIND J.: Analyse des stochastischen Modells von GPS- Trägerphasenbeobachtungen. München, Bayer. Akademie d. Wissenschaften, Deutsche Geodätische Kommission (DGK), Reihe C, Heft-Nr. 584. 2005. JOOSTEN P., IRSIGLER M.: GNSS Ambiguity Resolution in the Presence of Multipath, Proceedings of the European Navigation Conference, GNSS 2003, April 22-25, Graz, Austria
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DEUTSCHE GEODÄTISCHE KOMMISSION be
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Adresse des Herausgebers / Address
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Contents Commission 1 - Reference F
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COMMISSION 1 REFERENCE FRAMES 7
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10 Commission 1 - Reference Frames
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14 Introduction Celestial Reference
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24 Introduction The contributions o
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28 Satellite altimetry provides a p
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COMMISSION 2 GRAVITY FIELD 33
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36 Commission 2 - Gravity Field res
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40 Commission 2 - Gravity Field in
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42 Commission 2 - Gravity Field sho
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44 Commission 2 - Gravity Field KRE
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46 Commission 2 - Gravity Field Dev
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48 Commission 2 - Gravity Field ILK
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50 Introduction In the reporting pe
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52 Commission 2 - Gravity Field of
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54 Commission 2 - Gravity Field GRU
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56 Commission 2 - Gravity Field LEM
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58 1. Modelling Techniques Fundamen
Page 62 and 63: 60 Commission 2 - Gravity Field BUN
Page 64 and 65: 62 Commission 2 - Gravity Field Geo
Page 66 and 67: 64 Commission 2 - Gravity Field SCH
Page 68 and 69: 66 Commission 2 - Gravity Field gra
Page 70 and 71: 68 Commission 2 - Gravity Field LOM
Page 72 and 73: 70 Introduction The four years sinc
Page 74 and 75: 72 Commission 2 - Gravity Field met
Page 76 and 77: 74 Commission 2 - Gravity Field SCH
Page 79 and 80: Introduction The determination of E
Page 81 and 82: Introduction German investigations
Page 83 and 84: In Europe, there are detailed inves
Page 85 and 86: SASGEN, I., MULVANEY R., KLEMANN V.
Page 87 and 88: enabling us to map the behaviour of
Page 89 and 90: NAUJOKS M, JAHR T., JENTZSCH G.,. K
Page 91 and 92: nental hydrosphere. Thus, interpret
Page 93 and 94: M. Thomas, M. Soffel, H. Drewes: Ea
Page 95 and 96: M. Thomas, M. Soffel, H. Drewes: Ea
Page 97 and 98: observed that the resulting masscha
Page 99 and 100: Since 2001, the IERS Central Bureau
Page 101 and 102: COMMISSION 4 POSITIONING AND APPLIC
Page 103 and 104: The main highlights in the past fou
Page 105 and 106: VLBI Space Geodetic Techniques (VLB
Page 107 and 108: A. Nothnagel: Space Geodetic Techni
Page 109 and 110: A. Nothnagel: Space Geodetic Techni
Page 111: also be able to track the broadband
Page 115 and 116: SEEBER G.: Beitrag für „Directio
Page 117 and 118: 2003, WÜBBENA et al. 2006a) or in
Page 119 and 120: Permanent GNSS Networks, including
Page 121 and 122: G. Weber, M. Becker, J. Ihde: Perma
Page 123 and 124: G. Weber, M. Becker, J. Ihde: Perma
Page 125 and 126: General remarks The continuous and
Page 127 and 128: Introduction GNSS Based Sounding of
Page 129 and 130: J. Wickert, N. Jakowski: GNSS Based
Page 131 and 132: J. Wickert, N. Jakowski: GNSS Based
Page 133 and 134: References ADAM N.: TerraFirma Qual
Page 135 and 136: Introduction The period 2003 - 2007
Page 137 and 138: procedures and surveying instrument
Page 139 and 140: Motivation During the last years, n
Page 141 and 142: AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.-A., PANY T., EIS
Page 143 and 144: SEIFERT A., KLEUSBERG A. (2003): An
Page 145 and 146: IAG PROJECTS 143
Page 147 and 148: The Global Geodetic Observing Syste
Page 149 and 150: KRÜGEL M., TESMER V., ANGERMANN D.
Page 151 and 152: Inter-commission Committees (ICC) A
Page 153 and 154: After the restructuring of the IAG
Page 155 and 156: Introduction Physical Aspects of Ge
Page 157 and 158: H. Drewes, M. Soffel: Physical Aspe
Page 159 and 160: W. Keller, W. Freeden: Mathematical
Page 161 and 162: W. Keller, W. Freeden: Mathematical
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H. Kutterer, W.-D. Schuh: Quality M
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B. ICC on Planetary Geodesy (ICCPG)
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Introduction Various space missions
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Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung und
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