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124 Commission 4 – Positioning and Applications SVEHLA D., ROTHACHER M. (2003): Kinematic and reduceddynamic precise orbit determination of CHAMP satellite over one year using spaceborne GPS phase zero-differences only. Geophysical Research Abstracts: EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, European Geophysical Society (Hrsg.), 2003, 5, 287. 1029-7006 SVEHLA D., ROTHACHER M. (2003): Testing Kinematic and Dynamic Orbit Determination Approaches for GOCE Mission with Data from the CHAMP and JASON-1 Satellite. Geotechnologien Science Report, Rudloff, A., Stroink, L. (Hrsg.), 3, 170-175. Koordinationsbüro Geotechnologien, Potsdam. 1619-7399 SVEHLA D., ROTHACHER M. (2005): Kinematic positioning of LEO and GPS satellites and IGS stations on the ground. Advances in Space Research, 2005, 36, 3, 376-381. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/j.asr. 2005.04.066 SVEHLA D., ROTHACHER M. (2005): Kinematic Precise Orbit Determination for Gravity Field Determination. Proceedings of the International Association of Geodesy: A Window on the Future of Geodesy. The 23rd IUGG General Assembly, June 30 - July 11, Sapporo, Japan., F. Sanso (Hrsg.), 2005, 128, 181-188. Springer Verlag, 2005 SVEHLA D., FÖLDVARY L. (2006): From Kinematic Orbit Determination to Derivation of Satellite Velocity and Gravity Field. Observation of the Earth System from Space, Flury, Rummel, Reigber, Rothacher, Boedecker, Schreiber (Hrsg.), 177-192. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. 3-540- 29520-8 TSOULIS D., GRUBER C., SNEEUW N. (2005): A novel approach for the calibration of the CHAMP accelerometer using short data spans. Boll. di Geod. e Sci. Aff. 2 or 3 WICKERT J., SCHMIDT T., BEYERLE G., KÖNIG R., REIGBER C., JAKOWSKI N. (2004): The radio occultation experiment aboard CHAMP: Operational data analysis and validation of vertical atmospheric profiles, J. Met. Soc. Japan, 82(1B), 381-395
Introduction GNSS Based Sounding of the Atmosphere/Ionosphere During the last decade GNSS based techniques for ground and space based atmospheric/ionospheric sounding were established as the forth pillar of the classic geodetic trinity Earth rotation, geo-kinematics and gravity&geoid (RUMMEL, 2003). The atmospheric refraction, error source for the majority of geodetic applications, is used as measurement signal. Atmospheric properties, as, e.g., globally distributed vertical profiles of refractivity, temperature, water vapor and electron density can be derived from space based techniques. Ground based measurements, provided by global and regional networks, allow for the derivation of vertically or along the line-of-sight (slant) integrated water vapor or electron density (Total Electron Content, TEC) content on a global and also regional scale (see, e.g., WICKERT and GENDT, 2006; JAKOWSKI, 2005a,b). Space based techniques Within the reporting period fell the begin of the era of a multi-satellite LEO (Low Earth Orbiter) constellation for precise atmospheric sounding on a global scale using the innovative GPS Radio Occultation (GPS RO) technique. In addition to the German CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) satellite (e.g., REIGBER et al., 2005; WICKERT et al., 2006a, 2004a), which provides almost continuously data since 2001, data from several additional missions became available in 2006. GPS RO aboard the U.S.-German GRACE-A satellite (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) was continuously activated on May 22, 2006 (BEYERLE et al., 2005; WICKERT et al., 2006b, 2005). The six satellites of the U.S.-Taiwan COSMIC/ Formosat-3 (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate) were successfully launched on April 15, 2007 and will provide about 2,500 globally distributed profiles per day (e.g., WICKERT et al., 2007). The European operational weather satellite METOP was launched on Oct. 19, 2006 and the GRAS (GNSS Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding) was switched to occultation mode for the first time on Oct. 27. 40 measurements were recorded during one revolution, each lasting ~100 min. This LEO configuration (as of April 2007) will be extended soon by the German TerraSAR-X, which is foreseen to be launched in May 2007 with a Russian Dnepr-1 from Baikonur. Several activities in other countries led to the realization of additional occultation missions, as, e.g., OCEANSAT (India), KOMPSAT-5 (South Korea) and TANDEM-X (Germany). The application of GPS RO J. WICKERT 1 , N. JAKOWSKI 2 1 Jens Wickert: GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam ,(GFZ), Telegrafenberg, D - 14473 Potsdam, Department 1 – Geodesy and Remote Sensing, Germany; Tel. +49 - 331 - 288-1758, e-mail wickert@gfz-potsdam.de, www.gfz-potsdam.de/atmo 2 Norbert Jakowski: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Kommunikation und Navigation, Aussenstelle Neustrelitz, Kalkhorstweg 53, D - 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany, Tel. +49 - 3981 - 480-151, e-mail norbert.jakowski@dlr.de 125 aboard several satellites multiplies the potential of the innovative atmospheric sounding technique for several applications in atmospheric research, weather forecast and climate change related studies. A highlight of these applications is the use of GPS RO data to improve global weather forecasts (e.g., HEALY et al., 2007). Hereby a breakthrough was reached. Data from the German CHAMP and U.S.-German GRACE-A satellites (GFZ analyses) were assimilated as the first GPS radio occultation measurements operationally in 2006 to improve global weather forecasts at the U.K. Met<strong>Office</strong>, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Currently the data are assimilated in parallel with COSMIC/Formosat-3 data. The CHAMP data set (started in 2001 and covers as of 2007 already 6 years), including analysis results is made available by GFZ for the international scientific community. The data were and are the basis for the preparation of several occultation missions, the improvement of analysis algorithms (e.g. BEYERLE et al., 2006), and are used for several atmospheric investigations. Examples for such investigations are, e.g., climatological studies (FOELSCHE et al., 2005) or characterization of global tropopause (SCHMIDT et al., 2006, 2005, 2004) and gravity wave (DE LATORRE et al., 2006) properties. The CHAMP data set is also used to derive the global distribution of water vapor (e.g., HEISE et al., 2005a) or to reveal weaknesses of meteorological analyses or radiosonde measurements (e.g., GOBIET et al., 2005; WICKERT, 2004). GPS RO has also been further developed for monitoring the ionosphere (e.g. JAKOWSKI, 2005a,b). To estimate resolution and accuracy of the electron density profiles from CHAMP under different geophysical conditions, validation work for ionospheric retrievals was continued and supported by the European COST 271 action (e.g. JAKOWSKI et al., 2005b; STOLLE et al., 2004). Comparative studies with ionospheric 3D models such as IRI (JAKOWSKI and TSYBULYA, 2004) and NeQuick (JAKOWSKI et al., 2005c) were made, demonstrating that the RO measurements can effectively be used for validation and/or development of these models. The data may also effectively be applied for tomographic 3D reconstructions of the ionospheric plasma density distribution as shown by STOLLE et al. (2005). Key parameters of the ionospheric profiles such as the scale height can easily be derived from RO data for modeling or reconstruction (STANKOV and JAKOWSKI, 2005, 2006a,b). First approaches were developed for
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DEUTSCHE GEODÄTISCHE KOMMISSION be
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Adresse des Herausgebers / Address
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Contents Commission 1 - Reference F
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COMMISSION 1 REFERENCE FRAMES 7
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10 Commission 1 - Reference Frames
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14 Introduction Celestial Reference
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24 Introduction The contributions o
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28 Satellite altimetry provides a p
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COMMISSION 2 GRAVITY FIELD 33
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42 Commission 2 - Gravity Field sho
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44 Commission 2 - Gravity Field KRE
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46 Commission 2 - Gravity Field Dev
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48 Commission 2 - Gravity Field ILK
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50 Introduction In the reporting pe
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52 Commission 2 - Gravity Field of
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54 Commission 2 - Gravity Field GRU
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56 Commission 2 - Gravity Field LEM
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58 1. Modelling Techniques Fundamen
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60 Commission 2 - Gravity Field BUN
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62 Commission 2 - Gravity Field Geo
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64 Commission 2 - Gravity Field SCH
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66 Commission 2 - Gravity Field gra
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68 Commission 2 - Gravity Field LOM
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70 Introduction The four years sinc
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72 Commission 2 - Gravity Field met
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Page 79 and 80: Introduction The determination of E
Page 81 and 82: Introduction German investigations
Page 83 and 84: In Europe, there are detailed inves
Page 85 and 86: SASGEN, I., MULVANEY R., KLEMANN V.
Page 87 and 88: enabling us to map the behaviour of
Page 89 and 90: NAUJOKS M, JAHR T., JENTZSCH G.,. K
Page 91 and 92: nental hydrosphere. Thus, interpret
Page 93 and 94: M. Thomas, M. Soffel, H. Drewes: Ea
Page 95 and 96: M. Thomas, M. Soffel, H. Drewes: Ea
Page 97 and 98: observed that the resulting masscha
Page 99 and 100: Since 2001, the IERS Central Bureau
Page 101 and 102: COMMISSION 4 POSITIONING AND APPLIC
Page 103 and 104: The main highlights in the past fou
Page 105 and 106: VLBI Space Geodetic Techniques (VLB
Page 107 and 108: A. Nothnagel: Space Geodetic Techni
Page 109 and 110: A. Nothnagel: Space Geodetic Techni
Page 111 and 112: also be able to track the broadband
Page 113 and 114: CHEN X., DEKING A., LANDAU H., STOL
Page 115 and 116: SEEBER G.: Beitrag für „Directio
Page 117 and 118: 2003, WÜBBENA et al. 2006a) or in
Page 119 and 120: Permanent GNSS Networks, including
Page 121 and 122: G. Weber, M. Becker, J. Ihde: Perma
Page 123 and 124: G. Weber, M. Becker, J. Ihde: Perma
Page 125: General remarks The continuous and
Page 129 and 130: J. Wickert, N. Jakowski: GNSS Based
Page 131 and 132: J. Wickert, N. Jakowski: GNSS Based
Page 133 and 134: References ADAM N.: TerraFirma Qual
Page 135 and 136: Introduction The period 2003 - 2007
Page 137 and 138: procedures and surveying instrument
Page 139 and 140: Motivation During the last years, n
Page 141 and 142: AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.-A., PANY T., EIS
Page 143 and 144: SEIFERT A., KLEUSBERG A. (2003): An
Page 145 and 146: IAG PROJECTS 143
Page 147 and 148: The Global Geodetic Observing Syste
Page 149 and 150: KRÜGEL M., TESMER V., ANGERMANN D.
Page 151 and 152: Inter-commission Committees (ICC) A
Page 153 and 154: After the restructuring of the IAG
Page 155 and 156: Introduction Physical Aspects of Ge
Page 157 and 158: H. Drewes, M. Soffel: Physical Aspe
Page 159 and 160: W. Keller, W. Freeden: Mathematical
Page 161 and 162: W. Keller, W. Freeden: Mathematical
Page 163 and 164: H. Kutterer, W.-D. Schuh: Quality M
Page 169 and 170: B. ICC on Planetary Geodesy (ICCPG)
Page 171 and 172: Introduction Various space missions
Page 173 and 174: Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung und
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