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12 Commission 1 – Reference Frames – Combination of additional parameters, namely quasar coordinates, nutation offsets and rates, troposphere zenith delays and gradients, and low degree spherical harmonic coefficients of the Earth‘s gravity field. – Higher temporal resolution for some of the parameter types (not only weekly, but also daily solutions; subdaily resolution of Earth rotation parameters). Presently, the second iteration of solutions is produced and will subsequently be combined and interpreted. So far major research aspects have been: – Rigorous combination of site coordinates and EOP. – Comparison and combination of troposphere parameters from GPS and VLBI. – Importance of tropospheric local ties between GPS and VLBI. – Combination of UT1 from VLBI and length of day from satellite techniques (GPS, SLR). – Combination of nutation offsets (VLBI) and rates (GPS, SLR). – Intensive studies of the local tie discrepancies between techniques. – Homogeneous multi-year solutions of the techniques. – Impact of systematic effects on the comparison/combination results like GPS receiver and satellite phase center variations, troposphere mapping functions, higher-order ionospheric corrections, etc. Details may be found in the literature given at the end of this chapter. Combination on the Observation Level Combination on the level of the individual observations certainly is one of the challenging goals. To be able to do this, a software package has to developed that allows the processing of all the major observation types. In Germany, in the last few years, two software packages have been, step by step, modified in this direction: the Bernese GPS Software – in a joint effort of the TU Munich and the Astronomical Institute, University of Berne – has been modified to allow the processing of SLR data to GNSS satellites, to Lageos-type satellites and to Low Earth Orbiters and to allow the processing of VLBI data. Some work is also under way to add DORIS to the set of observables. The second package is the EPOS software of GFZ, where the processing of SLR, PRARE, GPS, altimetry, K-band, etc. data is possible. These capabilities are used to generate big global solutions of the GPS ground network, the SLR network and the LEOs CHAMP and GRACE in one step, correctly taking into account all correlations. First results are very encouraging. Solutions over longer time periods are now produced within the GGOS-D project. Future Activities One of the future goals will be to also integrate Lunar Laser Ranging solutions generated at the Institut für Erdmessung (IfE) in Hannover into the combination framework established by GGOS-D. One of the major challenges will then be, to go for a fully consistent combination of the geometric parameters with the full set of gravity field coefficients from CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE. On the long run, the integration of altimetry data and the data of superconducting and absolute gravimeters will be a additional challenges for the future. Finally, the combination of all common parameters of the space geodetic techniques will have to be followed by an integrated modelling of the variations in the Earth deformation, in Earth rotation and in the Earth gravity field. First attempts in this direction have been undertaken by DGFI (Earth rotation model of FLORIAN SEITZ) and the ocean-atmosphere-hydrology model by MAIK THOMAS at the TU Dresden. Literature ALTAMIMI Z., BOUCHER C., DREWES H., FERLAND R., LARSON K., RAY J., ROTHACHER M. (2003): Combination of Station Positions and Velocities. Proceedings of the IERS Workshop on Combination Research and Global Geophysical Fluids, Munich, Germany, November 18-21, 2002. IERS Technical Note, B. Richter, W. Schwegmann, W. Dick, 30 (Hrsg.), 2002. Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Frankfurt a.M. ANGERMANN D., THALLER D., ROTHACHER M. (2003): IERS SINEX Combination Campaign – Position Paper. Proceedings of the IERS Workshop on Combination Research and Global Geophysical Fluids. Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich, Germany, 18-21 November 2002. IERS Technical Note No. 30, Bernd Richter, Wolfgang Schwegmann, Wolfgang R. Dick (Hrsg.), 2003. Verlag des Bundesamtes für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Frankfurt a.M. 3-89888- 877-0. ANGERMANN D., KELM R., KRÜGEL M., MEISEL B., MÜLLER H., TESMER V., THALLER D., DILL R. (2006): Towards a Rigorous Combination of Space Geodetic Observations for IERS Product Generation. Observation of the Earth System from Space, Flury, Rummel, Reigber, Rothacher, Boedecker, Schreiber (Hrsg.), 373-387. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. 3-540-29520-8. KRÜGEL M., TESMER V., ANGERMANN D., THALLER D., ROTHACHER M., SCHMID R. (2004): CONT'02 Campaign – Combination of VLBI and GPS. Proceedings of the IVS Workshop 2004, February, Ottawa, Canada, 2004. LECHNER V., ROTHACHER M., SCHLÜTER W. (2003): Footprint Network: GPS-Monitoring of the Fundamental Station Wettzell. Proceedings of the IERS Workshop on Site Colocation, October 23-24, 2003, Matera – Italy. MÜLLER J. (2004): Geodätische Bezugssyteme für Geobasisdaten. In: Geoinformationssysteme (GIS), Grundlagen – Anwendungen – Entwicklungen. Veröffentlichung der Akademie der Geowissenschaften zu Hannover (Hrsg: H.Quade), Heft 24, S. 6-11. MÜLLER J., WILLIAMS J., TURYSHEV S., SHELUS P. (2006): Potential Capabilities of Lunar Laser Ranging for Geodesy and Relativity. In: Dynamic Planet. P.Tregoning, C.Rizos (eds.), <strong>IAG</strong> Symposia 130, P. 903-909, Springer, gr-qc/ 0509019. MÜLLER J., WILLIAMS J., TURYSHEV S. (2006): Lunar Laser Ranging Contributions to Relativity and Geodesy. Proceedings of the Conference on Lasers, Clocks, and Drag-free, ZARM, Bremen. 30.5.-1.6.2005, eds. H.Dittus, C.Lämmerzahl, S.Turyshev, P. 357-372, Springer 2006 (Digitalversion des Beitrags: http:/arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0509114/).
ROTHACHER M. (2003): Towards a Rigorous Combination of Space Geodetic Techniques. Proceedings of the IERS Workshop on Combination Research and Global Geophysical Fluids, Munich, November 18-21, 2002, IERS Technical Note, Richter, B., Schwegmann, W. (Hrsg.), 2002, 30. Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Frankfurt a.M. ROTHACHER M. (2003): The Special Role of SLR for Inter- Technique Combinations. Proceedings of the ILRS Workshop, October 28-31, Kötzting, Germany, 2003. ROTHACHER M., CAMPBELL J., NOTHNAGEL A., DREWES H., ANGERMANN D., GRÜNREICH D., RICHTER B., REIGBER CH., ZHU S.Y. (2003): Integration of Space Geodetic Techniques and Establishment of a User Center in the Framework of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). Geotechnologien Science Report, Rudloff, A., Stroink, L. (Hrsg.), 2003, 3, 137-141. Koordinationsbüro Geotechnologien, Potsdam. 1619-7399. ROTHACHER M., THALLER D., DILL R., STEIGENBERGER P. (2005): IERS Combination Research Center FESG. IERS Annual Report 2004, Wolfgang R. Dick, Bernd Richter (Hrsg.). Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Frankfurt a.M., 2005. ROTHACHER M., DILL R., THALLER D. (2006): IERS Analysis Coordination. Observation of the Earth System from Space, Flury, Rummel, Reigber, Rothacher, Boedecker, Schrei (Hrsg.), 333-342. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. 3-540-29520-8. SCHLÜTER W., ZERNECKE R., BECKER S., KLÜGEL TH., THALLER D. (2005): Local Ties Between the Reference Points at the Fundamentalstation Wettzell. Proceedings of the IERS Workshop on site co-location. Matera, Italy, 23-24 October 2003. IERS Technical Note No. 33, Bernd Richter, Wolfgang R. Dick, Wolfgang Schwegmann (Hrsg.), 2005. Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Frankfurt a.M. SCHLÜTER W., HASE H., ZERNECKE R., BECKER S., KLÜGEL TH., THALLER D. (2005): Local Ties Between the Reference Points at the Transportable Integrated Geodetic Observa- M. Rothacher: Combination of Space Geodetic Techniques 13 tory (TIGO) in Concepcion/Chile. Proceedings of the IERS Workshop on site co-location. Matera, Italy, 23-24 October 2003. IERS Technical Note No. 33, Bernd Richter, Wolfgang R. Dick, Wolfgang Schwegmann (Hrsg.), 2005. Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Frankfurt a.M. STEIGENBERGER P., ROTHACHER M., DIETRICH R., FRITSCHE M., RÜLKE A., VEY S. (2006): Reprocessing of a global GPS network. Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (Hrsg.), 2006, 111, B05402. doi: 10.1029/ 2005JB003747. THALLER D., ROTHACHER M. (2003): Comparison and Combination of Solution Series of the Space Geodetic Techniques covering one Year of Data. Geophysical Research Abstracts: EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, European Geophysical Society (Hrsg.), 5, 386. 1029-7006. THALLER D., ROTHACHER M. (2003): Comparison and Combination of GPS, VLBI and SLR Solution Series. Geotechnologien Science Report, Rudloff, A., Stroink, L. (Hrsg.), 3, 176-180. Koordinationsbüro Geotechnologien, Potsdam. 1619-7399. THALLER D., KRÜGEL M., ROTHACHER M., ANGERMANN D., SCHMID R., TESMER V. (2005): Combination Studies Using the CONT02 Campaign. Special Report. International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry 2004 Annual Report, D. Behrend, K. Baver (Hrsg.). THALLER D., SCHMID R., ROTHACHER M., TESMER V., ANGER- MANN D. (2005): Towards a rigorous combination of VLBI and GPS using the CONT02 campaign. A Window on the Future of Geodesy. Proceedings of the International Association of Geodesy, <strong>IAG</strong> General Assembly, June 30 - July 11, 2003, Sapporo, Japan, Sansò F. (Hrsg.), 2005, 128, 576-581. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. 3-540-24055-1. For further references see also section “Terrestrial Reference Frames” in this volume, p.17.
Page 1: DEUTSCHE GEODÄTISCHE KOMMISSION be
Page 4 and 5: Adresse des Herausgebers / Address
Page 7 and 8: Contents Commission 1 - Reference F
Page 9: COMMISSION 1 REFERENCE FRAMES 7
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Page 16 and 17: 14 Introduction Celestial Reference
Page 26 and 27: 24 Introduction The contributions o
Page 30 and 31: 28 Satellite altimetry provides a p
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Page 52 and 53: 50 Introduction In the reporting pe
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Page 60 and 61: 58 1. Modelling Techniques Fundamen
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62 Commission 2 - Gravity Field Geo
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64 Commission 2 - Gravity Field SCH
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66 Commission 2 - Gravity Field gra
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68 Commission 2 - Gravity Field LOM
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70 Introduction The four years sinc
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72 Commission 2 - Gravity Field met
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74 Commission 2 - Gravity Field SCH
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Introduction The determination of E
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Introduction German investigations
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In Europe, there are detailed inves
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SASGEN, I., MULVANEY R., KLEMANN V.
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enabling us to map the behaviour of
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NAUJOKS M, JAHR T., JENTZSCH G.,. K
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nental hydrosphere. Thus, interpret
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M. Thomas, M. Soffel, H. Drewes: Ea
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M. Thomas, M. Soffel, H. Drewes: Ea
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observed that the resulting masscha
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Since 2001, the IERS Central Bureau
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COMMISSION 4 POSITIONING AND APPLIC
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The main highlights in the past fou
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VLBI Space Geodetic Techniques (VLB
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A. Nothnagel: Space Geodetic Techni
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A. Nothnagel: Space Geodetic Techni
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also be able to track the broadband
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CHEN X., DEKING A., LANDAU H., STOL
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SEEBER G.: Beitrag für „Directio
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2003, WÜBBENA et al. 2006a) or in
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Permanent GNSS Networks, including
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G. Weber, M. Becker, J. Ihde: Perma
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G. Weber, M. Becker, J. Ihde: Perma
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General remarks The continuous and
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Introduction GNSS Based Sounding of
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J. Wickert, N. Jakowski: GNSS Based
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J. Wickert, N. Jakowski: GNSS Based
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References ADAM N.: TerraFirma Qual
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Introduction The period 2003 - 2007
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procedures and surveying instrument
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Motivation During the last years, n
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AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.-A., PANY T., EIS
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SEIFERT A., KLEUSBERG A. (2003): An
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IAG PROJECTS 143
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The Global Geodetic Observing Syste
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KRÜGEL M., TESMER V., ANGERMANN D.
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Inter-commission Committees (ICC) A
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After the restructuring of the IAG
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Introduction Physical Aspects of Ge
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H. Drewes, M. Soffel: Physical Aspe
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W. Keller, W. Freeden: Mathematical
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W. Keller, W. Freeden: Mathematical
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H. Kutterer, W.-D. Schuh: Quality M
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B. ICC on Planetary Geodesy (ICCPG)
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Introduction Various space missions
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Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung und
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