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126 Commission 4 – Positioning and Applications monitoring and evaluating ionospheric irregularities (VIEHWEG et al., 2007; TSYBULYA and JAKOWSKI, 2005). Beside GPS RO measurements also the GPS navigation data, received by the topside antenna of LEOs provide important information about the geoplasma environment up to GPS orbit heights (HEISE et al., 2005b,c). Combining both types of measurements, the space based data may effectively contribute to monitor the ionospheric space weather conditions (JAKOWSKI et al., 2004a, 2005d). Ground based sounding Another highlight of GNSS based remote sensing is the continuous provision of near-real time atmospheric data from a regional German network (currently about 230 stations, including SAPOS), processed at GFZ. The IWV (Integrated Water Vapor) at these stations is provided with accuracy of
J. Wickert, N. Jakowski: GNSS Based Sounding of the Atmosphere/Ionosphere 127 corresponding Rayleigh wave has passed the region (JAKOWSKI et al., 2006). GPS altimetry and reflectometry/scatterometry In analogy and parallel to the atmospheric refraction another error source for the most geodetic applications, multi-path effects, can be effectively used as measurement signal for GPS based altimetry and scatterometry/reflectometry. Initial results at GFZ on the basis of ground based measurements indicate an accuracy of ~2 cm for the monitoring of lake surface height variations (HELM et al., 2006a,b; 2005). GNSS reflection measurements (ground and also space based, see, e.g., BEYERLE et al., 2002) are currently regarded as potential data source for various applications in geoscience and atmospheric research. Detailed data analysis can reveal information on ice surface properties (roughness), ice coverage of oceans, sea surface heights, significant wave height and wind speed/direction above sea surfaces. The reflected signals also contain information on the propagated atmosphere/ionosphere (e.g. integrated electron content along the ray paths). Summary and Outlook GNSS based atmosphere/ionosphere sounding can be regarded as an established remote sensing technique. It will further benefit from increasing densities of global and regional ground networks and an increasing number of LEO satellites. Further progress with respect to spatial and temporal coverage of the GNSS measurements can be reached by the future use of the signals from GALILEO and GLONASS. The continuation of the current scientific investigations will increase the spectrum and the capability of GNSS based atmospheric/ionospheric remote sensing. References BECKER M., KIRCHNER M., HÄFELE P., SÖHNE W., WEBER G.: Near Real-Time Tropospheric Signal Delay from EPN and German Permanent GPS Sites. in: Report on the Symposium of the IAG Subcommission for Europe (EUREF), Toledo, 4-7 June 2003. IAG Section I – Positioning; Sub-commission for Europe (EUREF) Publication No. 13. 2003. BENDER M., WICKERT J., DICK G., ROTHACHER M., RAABE A.: GPS water vapour tomography with the German GPS network, EGU General Assembly, EGU2007-A-06940, Vienna, Austria, 2007. BENDER M., RAABE A.: Preconditions to ground based GPS water vapour tomography, Ann. Geophysicae, subm., 2007. BEYERLE G., SCHMIDT T., WICKERT J., HEISE S., ROTHACHER M., KÖNIG-LANGLO G., LAURITSEN K. B.: Observations and simulations of receiver-induced refractivity biases in GPS radio occultation, J. Geophys. Res., 111, No. D12, D12101, doi:10.1029/2005JD006673, 2006. BEYERLE G., SCHMIDT T., WICKERT J., REIGBER CH.: GPS radio occultation with GRACE: Atmospheric Profiling utilizing the zero difference technique, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L13806, doi:10.1029/2005GL023109, 2005. BEYERLE G., HOCKE K., WICKERT J., SCHMIDT T., MARQUARDT C., REIGBER CH.: GPS radio occultations with CHAMP: A radio holographic analysis of GPS signal propagation in the troposphere and surface reflections, J. Geophys. Res., 10.1029/2001JD001402, 2002. BOEHM J., NIELL A., SCHUH H., TESMER V., TREGONING P.: Mapping functions for atmospheric delay modelling in GNSS analysis, Proc. of the IGS-Meeting 2006, Darmstadt, subm., 2007. BOEHM J., SCHUH H., TESMER V., SCHMITZ-HÜBSCH H.: Determination of Tropospheric Parameters by VLBI as a contribution to climatological studies, Österreichische Zeitschrift für Vermessung und Geoinformation, Sonderheft zur XXIII. General Assembly of IUGG, 21-28, 2003. BOEHM J., SCHUH H., TESMER V., SCHMITZ-HÜBSCH H.: Tropospheric zenith delays determined by VLBI as a contribution to climatological studies. In: Schwegmann W., Thorandt V. (Eds.): Proc. of the 16th Working Meeting on European VLBI for Geodesy and Astrometry. BKG, Leipzig/Frankfurt am Main, 237-245, 2003 DE LA TORRE A., SCHMIDT T., WICKERT J.: A global analysis of wave potential energy in the lower stratosphere derived from 5 years of GPS radio occultation data with CHAMP, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 33, No. 24, L24809, 10.1029/2006GL027696, 2006. DICK G., SOEHNE W.: German Activities in Monitoring of Water Vapor with GPS: GFZ and BKG Analysis Centers, Poster presented at TOUGH Semi-annual Meeting and User Workshop, 29.-30. September 2005, UK Met Office, Exeter, UK, 2005. DICK G., SONG S., GENDT G., WICKERT J., GE M., ROTHACHER M.: Retrieval of water vapour slant delays from German GPS network, EGU General Assembly, EGU2007-A-07584, Vienna, Austria, 2007 ENGELN A. V., TEIXEIRA J., WICKERT J., BUEHLER S.: Detecting the Planetary Boundary Layer using CHAMP Data, Geophys. Res. Lett.,Vol. 32, No. 6, L06815, 10.1029/2004 GL022168, 2005. FOELSCHE U., KIRCHENGAST G., GOBIET A., STEINER A. K., LÖSCHER A., WICKERT J., SCHMIDT T.: The CHAMPCLIM project: An overview, in "Earth Observation with CHAMP Results from Three Years in Orbit" (Eds: Reigber, Schwintzer, Lühr, Wickert), Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, ISBN 3-540-22804-7, pp 615-620, 2005. FRITSCHE M, DIETRICH R., KNÖFEL C., RÜLKE A., VEY S., ROTHACHER M., STEIGENBERGER P.: Impact of higher-order ionospheric terms on GPS estimates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23311, doi:10.1029/2005GL024342, 2005. GENDT G., DICK G., REIGBER C., TOMASSINI M., LIU Y., RAMATSCHI M.: Near Real Time GPS Water Vapor Monitoring for Numerical Weather Prediction in Germany, J. Met. Soc. Japan, 82(1B), 361-370, 2004. GOBIET A., FOELSCHE U., STEINER A. K., BORSCHE M., KIRCHEN- GAST G., WICKERT J.: Climatological validation of stratospheric temperatures in ECMWF operational analyses with CHAMP radio occultation data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32 (12), doi: 10.1029/2005GL022617, 2005. HÄFELE P., MARTIN L., BECKER M., BROCKMANN E., MORLAND J., NYEKI S., MÄTZLER C., KIRCHNER M.: Impact of Radiometric Water Vapor Measurements on Troposphere and Height Estimates by GPS, Proc. ION GNSS 2004, September 21-24, Long Beach, The Institute of Navigation, Fairfax, VA, USA, 2004a. HÄFELE P., BECKER M., BROCKMANN E., MARTIN L., KIRCHNER M.: MATRAG – Measurement of Alpine tropospheric delay by radio-meter and GPS. Proc. IGS 2004 Workshop and Symposium, 1-5 March, 2004, University of Berne, Switzerland, 2004b. HEALY S.B., WICKERT J., MICHALAK G., SCHMIDT T., BEYERLE G.: Combined forecast impact of GRACE-A and CHAMP GPS radio occultation bending angle profiles, Atmospheric science letters, in print, 2007. HEINKELMANN R., BOEHM J., SCHUH H., TESMER V.: The effect of meteorological input data on the VLBI reference frames.
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DEUTSCHE GEODÄTISCHE KOMMISSION be
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Adresse des Herausgebers / Address
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Contents Commission 1 - Reference F
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COMMISSION 1 REFERENCE FRAMES 7
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10 Commission 1 - Reference Frames
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14 Introduction Celestial Reference
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24 Introduction The contributions o
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28 Satellite altimetry provides a p
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COMMISSION 2 GRAVITY FIELD 33
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36 Commission 2 - Gravity Field res
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40 Commission 2 - Gravity Field in
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42 Commission 2 - Gravity Field sho
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44 Commission 2 - Gravity Field KRE
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46 Commission 2 - Gravity Field Dev
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48 Commission 2 - Gravity Field ILK
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50 Introduction In the reporting pe
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52 Commission 2 - Gravity Field of
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54 Commission 2 - Gravity Field GRU
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56 Commission 2 - Gravity Field LEM
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58 1. Modelling Techniques Fundamen
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60 Commission 2 - Gravity Field BUN
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62 Commission 2 - Gravity Field Geo
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64 Commission 2 - Gravity Field SCH
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66 Commission 2 - Gravity Field gra
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68 Commission 2 - Gravity Field LOM
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70 Introduction The four years sinc
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72 Commission 2 - Gravity Field met
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74 Commission 2 - Gravity Field SCH
Page 79 and 80: Introduction The determination of E
Page 81 and 82: Introduction German investigations
Page 83 and 84: In Europe, there are detailed inves
Page 85 and 86: SASGEN, I., MULVANEY R., KLEMANN V.
Page 87 and 88: enabling us to map the behaviour of
Page 89 and 90: NAUJOKS M, JAHR T., JENTZSCH G.,. K
Page 91 and 92: nental hydrosphere. Thus, interpret
Page 93 and 94: M. Thomas, M. Soffel, H. Drewes: Ea
Page 95 and 96: M. Thomas, M. Soffel, H. Drewes: Ea
Page 97 and 98: observed that the resulting masscha
Page 99 and 100: Since 2001, the IERS Central Bureau
Page 101 and 102: COMMISSION 4 POSITIONING AND APPLIC
Page 103 and 104: The main highlights in the past fou
Page 105 and 106: VLBI Space Geodetic Techniques (VLB
Page 107 and 108: A. Nothnagel: Space Geodetic Techni
Page 109 and 110: A. Nothnagel: Space Geodetic Techni
Page 111 and 112: also be able to track the broadband
Page 113 and 114: CHEN X., DEKING A., LANDAU H., STOL
Page 115 and 116: SEEBER G.: Beitrag für „Directio
Page 117 and 118: 2003, WÜBBENA et al. 2006a) or in
Page 119 and 120: Permanent GNSS Networks, including
Page 121 and 122: G. Weber, M. Becker, J. Ihde: Perma
Page 123 and 124: G. Weber, M. Becker, J. Ihde: Perma
Page 125 and 126: General remarks The continuous and
Page 127: Introduction GNSS Based Sounding of
Page 131 and 132: J. Wickert, N. Jakowski: GNSS Based
Page 133 and 134: References ADAM N.: TerraFirma Qual
Page 135 and 136: Introduction The period 2003 - 2007
Page 137 and 138: procedures and surveying instrument
Page 139 and 140: Motivation During the last years, n
Page 141 and 142: AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.-A., PANY T., EIS
Page 143 and 144: SEIFERT A., KLEUSBERG A. (2003): An
Page 145 and 146: IAG PROJECTS 143
Page 147 and 148: The Global Geodetic Observing Syste
Page 149 and 150: KRÜGEL M., TESMER V., ANGERMANN D.
Page 151 and 152: Inter-commission Committees (ICC) A
Page 153 and 154: After the restructuring of the IAG
Page 155 and 156: Introduction Physical Aspects of Ge
Page 157 and 158: H. Drewes, M. Soffel: Physical Aspe
Page 159 and 160: W. Keller, W. Freeden: Mathematical
Page 161 and 162: W. Keller, W. Freeden: Mathematical
Page 163 and 164: H. Kutterer, W.-D. Schuh: Quality M
Page 169 and 170: B. ICC on Planetary Geodesy (ICCPG)
Page 171 and 172: Introduction Various space missions
Page 173 and 174: Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung und
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