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134 Commission 4 – Positioning and Applications The stability of temperature fields in laboratories is important for the quality of the measurements carried out. In ESCHELBACH (2007) some investigations are published. Analysis Methods and Quality Assessment To model the behaviour of a bridge in MIIMA and NIEMEIER (2004), concepts of Fuzzy-Process-Modelling and Artificial Neural Networks are successfully applied. The derived model of behaviour concerning the structure has been proved to serve for a prognosis for a limited time span. The implementation of Neuro-Fuzzy-Techniques for modelling the deformations of a lock is pointed out by BOEHM and KUTTERER (2006). The automated shape recognition of laser scanned deformable objects is presented in HESSE and KUTTERER (2006). ELING (2006) has developed an approach to setup a complete deformation analysis using laserscanning data. An introduction in the theory of the uncertainty of measurement is given by HEISTER (2005). The use of an intervalbased description of measurement uncertainties due to remaining systematic effects is the topic of SCHÖN and KUTTERER (2006). In NEUMANN and KUTTERER (2007) congruence tests and outlier detection are extended with respect to observation imprecision. On-Site Recording in Architecture and Cultural Heritage Research and development were focused on new hardware and software, of which the primary use are on-site recording in achitecture and in cultural heritage. Progress has been made as far as the integration of cameras into reflectorlessmeasuring motorized total stations is concerned. New measuring-methods have been developed and improvements have been made in the field of monument-documentation and the establishment of sustainable networks in monuments and sites for architectural research and for deformation measurements SCHERER (2004). The new recording method of phototacheometry has been developed by SCHERER (2006). It combines elements of both tacheometry and photogrammetry: General qualities of geometric primitives are simply defined by tacheometric means, while precise object-describing-points are defined via the intersection of image rays with the tacheometrically pre-defined geometry. An excellent degree of automation, control as well as general work economy are achieved resulting in visualisation and animation of the photorealistic and geometrically correct model in the field. Modern digital surveying and documentation methods should be adapted for an optimal use in the field of building conservation. An overview about the specific demands on building documentation and an optimized documentation strategy is given by WEFERLING (2005). Deformation measurements at historical buildings determines STERN- BERG (2006) with terrestrial laserscanners. Monitoring of Constructions The automatic determination of deformations of bridges in real time poses challenges in the measuring techniques and in the analysis methods. In SCHWARZ (2003) first results of investigations were pointed out to determine vertical deformation during loading experimentals using methods of digital close range photogrammetry. In slowdeveloping processes the vertical deformation will be detected with hydrostatically measurement systems. SCHWARZ (2004) introduces a new method in detecting the water surface without any contact by the signal propagation delay of ultrasonic signals. With the detection of simulated vibrations the actual state of bridges can be evaluated. Using laserinterferometer it is possible to measure the vertical deformation of bridges with high accuracy (SCHWARZ 2006). The continuous application of an automated total station with target recognition for long-term monitoring of a bridge is presented in HEINERT and NIEMEIER (2007), emphasising aspects of an unstable instrument support and the detection and elimination of systematic effects in the time series. Faseroptical sensors are adapted to determine the deformation of buildings. In SCHWARZ (2006) the concept of a faseroptical deflectometer for surveying boreholes is introduced. FOPPE et al. (2006) present an autonomous permanent automatic monitoring system with Robot- Tacheometers. The determination of local deformations of highway bridges is the topic of the publication of SCHÄFER (2006). KUHLMANN (2003) carried out studies to temperature induced deformation of a jointless bridge. Guidance of Construction Machines The guidance of construction machines implies great demands on the measuring technique and the ruling algorithms. Due to the individuality of construction sites a toolbox with individual modules is developed, that enables to dispose individual automation systems in a simple way by using its “contained expert knowledge”. The modular system is developed with a tachymeter as sensor and a model truck (scale 1 : 14). On the basis of this simulator investigations regarding control and filter algorithms were carried out by GLÄSER (2005), SCHWIEGER and BEETZ (2007). The control of the orientation of the traverses in tunnel projects is an urgent task. Up to now gyroscopes are used. In NEUHIERL et al. (2006) a new method is presented using an inertial system for the transfer of the directions. SU et al. (2006) pointed out research of applications for mobile radio Indoor-GPS. Integration of Measurement Systems into Construction Processes Methods to automatically integrate measurement systems into construction processes in automatic or semi-automatic way are investigated by MÖHLENBRING and SCHWIEGER (2006). A special focus is directed on the quality assurance and quality safeguarding by optimal use of measurement
procedures and surveying instruments to fulfil quality requirements respectively assembly demands. The research is focussed in the setting out of slab tracks for highspeed railways MÖHLENBRINK (2004). Aspects to integrate a continuous geodetic monitoring system into a construction task are discussed by NIEMEIER (2006) and the use of real-time geometric displacements is a general steering process for a complex tunnel is outlined. Industrial Surveying Although in metrology the working space up to 30 m is called scale metrology, from the geodetic point of view this range is related to “low range“. Because there is a gap between industry surveying (dealing with working spaces up to 2 m and coordinate measuring machines) and engineering surveying, solutions for all measuring tasks are worked out up to 30 m with an uncertainty demand of u95 = 10 :m/m (2 sigma). Furthermore, there are – more or less – no solutions for surveying of (fast) moving objects. Therefore, the focus of research is to develop methods for trajectory determination of objects moving with velocities up to 5 m/s. Uncertainty demands are up to u68 = 40 :m (2 sigma) and time assignment is 1 :s HENNES (2006). The demands on the accuracies for alignment of particle accelerators are partially extremly high. In ALBERT and SCHWARZ (2004) different methods for the alignment are discussed especially for the linear colliders. References ALBERT J., SCHWARZ W.: Messtechnische Entwicklungen für die Zukunftsprojekte “Linearbeschleuniger“. In: Ingensand, H. (Hrsg.): Ingenieurvermessung 2004, Zürich 2004. BARTH W., FOPPE K., SCHÄFER TH. (EDS.) 2005: Terrestrisches Laserscanning (TLS) – Ein geodätisches Messverfahren mit Zukunft. DVW-Schriftenreihe, vol. 48. BOEHM S., KUTTERER H.: Modelling the Deformations of a Lock by Means of Neuro Fuzzy Techniques. XXIII. International FIG Congress, München, 2006 (CD-ROM). ELING D.: Terrestrisches Laserscanning für die Deformationsanalyse an Talsperren. Workshop Messtechnische Überwachung von Stauanlagen., Wiss. Zeitschrift der Hochschule Mittweida, Nr. 1, 31–40, 2006. DEPENTHAL C.: Automatisierte Kalibrierung von Richtungsmesssystemen in rotativen Direktantrieben. AVN Heft 8/9 S. 305- 309, 2006. DEPENTHAL C.: Direktantriebe absolut positioniert – Ein Beitrag zur Kalibrierung rotativer Messsysteme in Direktantrieben. Antriebstechnik Heft 1, 2007. EICHHORN A.: Ein Beitrag zur Identifikation von dynamischen Strukturmodellen mit Methoden der adaptiven KALMAN- Filterung. Deutsche Geod. Komm., Reihe C, Heft 585, 2005. ESCHELBACH C.: Störanfälligkeit geodätischer Präzisionsmessungen durch lokale Temperaturschwankungen. Beitrag zum 15. Internationalen Ingenieurvermessungskurs, 17.-20. April 2007, Graz 2007. FOPPE K., BARTH W., PREIS S.: Autonomous Permanent Automatic Monitoring System with Robot-Tacheometers. XIII. International FIG Congress, Munich, 8.-13. Oktober 2006. W. Schwarz, W. Niemeier: Applications in Engineering 135 GLÄSER A.: A Modular System for Guidance and Control Applications for Construction Machines. In: Grün/Kahmen (Eds.): 7th Conference on Optical 3-D Measurement Techniques, Volume I, pp. 307-316, Vienna 2005. GRÄFE G., CASPARY W., HEISTER H., KLEMM J., LANG M.: Erfahrungen bei der kinematischen Erfassung von Verkehrswegen mit MoSES. In: Ingensand, H.: Ingenieurvermessung 2004 – 14th International Course in Engineering Surveying – ETH Zürich – Beiträge Contributions. Reprozentrale ETH Zürich, ISBN 3-906467-46-5, S. 405-410, 2004. HEINERT M., NIEMEIER W. (2007): From fully automated observations to neural network model inference: The Bridge “Fallersleben Gate” in Brunswick, Germany 1999-2006. J. Applied Geodesy, vol. 1, de Gruyter, in press HEISTER H., LIEBL W., PINK S., RIESEN H.-U.: RACER – ein kinematisches System zur Gleisvermessung. In: F. Brunner (Hrsg.) Ingenieurvermessung 2007, Graz 2007. HEISTER H.: Systemprüfung von GPS-Empfangssystemen. Allgemeine Vermessungsnachrichten (AVN), S. 162-168, 2006. HEISTER H., WOSCHITZ H., BRUNNER F. K.: Präzisionsnivellierlatten, Komponenten- oder Systemkalibrierung? Allgemeine Vermessungsnachrichten (AVN), S. 233-237, 2005. HEISTER H., SCHAUERTE W.: Der Ringversuch 2003/2004 zur Kalibrierung von Präzisionsnivellierlatten. Allgemeine Vermessungsnachrichten (AVN), S. 221-228, 2005. HEISTER H.: Zur Messunsicherheit im Vermessungswesen (I). Géodésie/Mensuration, Geomatik Schweiz, S. 604-607, 2005. HEISTER H.: Zur Messunsicherheit im Vermessungswesen (II). Géodésie/Mensuration, Geomatik Schweiz, S. 6070-673, 2005. HENNES M.: Präzises und kinematisches Prüfen – Möglichkeiten der Präzisions-High-Speed-Messbahn des Geodätischen Instituts der Universität Karlsruhe. ZfV, 6/2006, S. 353-358. HESSE C., HEER R., HORST S., NEUNER H.: A Concept for Monitoring Wind Energy Turbines with Geodetic Techniques. In: Kahmen H.; Chrzanowski A. (Eds.): 3rd IAG Symposium on Geodesy for Geotechnical and Struktural Engineering, Austria, 2006 (CD-ROM). HESSE C., KUTTERER H. (2006): Automated Shape Recognition of Laser Scanned Deformable Objects. In: Gil/Sanso (Eds): Geodetic Deformation Monitoring – From Geophysical to Engineering Roles, Jaén, Spain, 2005, IAG Symposia series, No. 131, Springer. HEUNECKE O., NIEMEIER W. (2004a): Paradigmenwechsel bei der Auswertung ingenieurgeodätischer Messungen. In: Ingenieurvermessung 2004, ETH Zürich, p. 131-142 HEUNECKE O., NIEMEIER W. (2004b): Potenziale geodätischer Messverfahren für das Bauwesen. In: Interdiszipl. Messaufgaben im Bauwesen. DVW Schriftenreihe, vol 46, S. 43-56 KERSTEN TH., STERNBERG H., MECHELKE K.: Investigations into the accuracy Behaviour of the Terrestrial Laser Scanning System Mensi GS 100. In: Optical 3-D Measurement Techniques VII, Gruen/Kahmen (Eds.), Vienna 2005, Vol. I, pp. 122-131, 2005. KUHLMANN H.: Bestimmung der temperaturinduzierten Bewegung einer fugenlosen Brücke. GESA-Symposium 2003, VDI- Bericht 1757, VDI-Verlag , Düsseldorf 2003. KUHLMANN H., EICHHORN A.: Positionsbestimmung von Pkw mit Sensoren der Serienausstattung. POSNAV 2003, DGON- Symposium Positionierung und Navigation, Bonn 2003. KUHLMANN H., HEISTER H.: Steering problems and solutions during the construction of roads. 3rd IAG Symposium on
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DEUTSCHE GEODÄTISCHE KOMMISSION be
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Adresse des Herausgebers / Address
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Contents Commission 1 - Reference F
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COMMISSION 1 REFERENCE FRAMES 7
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10 Commission 1 - Reference Frames
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14 Introduction Celestial Reference
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24 Introduction The contributions o
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28 Satellite altimetry provides a p
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COMMISSION 2 GRAVITY FIELD 33
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42 Commission 2 - Gravity Field sho
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44 Commission 2 - Gravity Field KRE
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46 Commission 2 - Gravity Field Dev
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48 Commission 2 - Gravity Field ILK
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50 Introduction In the reporting pe
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52 Commission 2 - Gravity Field of
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54 Commission 2 - Gravity Field GRU
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56 Commission 2 - Gravity Field LEM
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58 1. Modelling Techniques Fundamen
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60 Commission 2 - Gravity Field BUN
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62 Commission 2 - Gravity Field Geo
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64 Commission 2 - Gravity Field SCH
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66 Commission 2 - Gravity Field gra
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68 Commission 2 - Gravity Field LOM
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70 Introduction The four years sinc
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72 Commission 2 - Gravity Field met
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74 Commission 2 - Gravity Field SCH
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Introduction The determination of E
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Introduction German investigations
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In Europe, there are detailed inves
Page 85 and 86: SASGEN, I., MULVANEY R., KLEMANN V.
Page 87 and 88: enabling us to map the behaviour of
Page 89 and 90: NAUJOKS M, JAHR T., JENTZSCH G.,. K
Page 91 and 92: nental hydrosphere. Thus, interpret
Page 93 and 94: M. Thomas, M. Soffel, H. Drewes: Ea
Page 95 and 96: M. Thomas, M. Soffel, H. Drewes: Ea
Page 97 and 98: observed that the resulting masscha
Page 99 and 100: Since 2001, the IERS Central Bureau
Page 101 and 102: COMMISSION 4 POSITIONING AND APPLIC
Page 103 and 104: The main highlights in the past fou
Page 105 and 106: VLBI Space Geodetic Techniques (VLB
Page 107 and 108: A. Nothnagel: Space Geodetic Techni
Page 109 and 110: A. Nothnagel: Space Geodetic Techni
Page 111 and 112: also be able to track the broadband
Page 113 and 114: CHEN X., DEKING A., LANDAU H., STOL
Page 115 and 116: SEEBER G.: Beitrag für „Directio
Page 117 and 118: 2003, WÜBBENA et al. 2006a) or in
Page 119 and 120: Permanent GNSS Networks, including
Page 121 and 122: G. Weber, M. Becker, J. Ihde: Perma
Page 123 and 124: G. Weber, M. Becker, J. Ihde: Perma
Page 125 and 126: General remarks The continuous and
Page 127 and 128: Introduction GNSS Based Sounding of
Page 129 and 130: J. Wickert, N. Jakowski: GNSS Based
Page 131 and 132: J. Wickert, N. Jakowski: GNSS Based
Page 133 and 134: References ADAM N.: TerraFirma Qual
Page 135: Introduction The period 2003 - 2007
Page 139 and 140: Motivation During the last years, n
Page 141 and 142: AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.-A., PANY T., EIS
Page 143 and 144: SEIFERT A., KLEUSBERG A. (2003): An
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Page 147 and 148: The Global Geodetic Observing Syste
Page 149 and 150: KRÜGEL M., TESMER V., ANGERMANN D.
Page 151 and 152: Inter-commission Committees (ICC) A
Page 153 and 154: After the restructuring of the IAG
Page 155 and 156: Introduction Physical Aspects of Ge
Page 157 and 158: H. Drewes, M. Soffel: Physical Aspe
Page 159 and 160: W. Keller, W. Freeden: Mathematical
Page 161 and 162: W. Keller, W. Freeden: Mathematical
Page 163 and 164: H. Kutterer, W.-D. Schuh: Quality M
Page 169 and 170: B. ICC on Planetary Geodesy (ICCPG)
Page 171 and 172: Introduction Various space missions
Page 173 and 174: Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung und
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