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72 Commission 2 – Gravity Field metry and Earth Dynamics, sponsored by the European Space Agency (ESA), culminated in a book edited by FLURY and RUMMEL (2005) of the same name. In it, the study participants lay out the requirements from various Earth science disciplines on future gravity field satellite missions. A number of mission scenarios are simulated to investigate whether future missions can meet such requirements SNEEUW et al. (2005). More recently (April 2007) IAPG organized, together with SRON (Netherlands) and ESA, a dedicated workshop on the Future of Satellite Gravimetry. The workshop identified two main theoretical challenges for future gravity missions: 1) aliasing of fast time variations into the gravity solutions, and 2) separability of individual mass sources. Potential future measurement concepts, like atomic interference and optical clocks, were presented. Moreover the workshop participants, both from Europe and USA, engaged in more political and strategic discussions as to the organization and realization of future gravity missions. Formation flying may help in solving some of the limitations of current gravity field missions. The feasibility and utility of formation flight for future dedicated missions was investigated by SNEEUW and SCHAUB (2005). From a more practical viewpoint GERLACH and VISSER (2006) investigated the potential geodetic use of the geomagnetics mission SWARM. Unless a dedicated mission is funded for the post-GRACE and -GOCE era, the SWARM constellation of three satellites, all carrying GNSS-receivers, may be one of the few sources of satellite gravimetry in the years to come. References ALKHATIB H., SCHUH W.-D. (2007): Integration of the Monte Carlo Covariance Estimation Strategy into Tailored Solution Procedures for Large-Scale Least Squares Problems, Journal of Geodesy 81(1):53–66,10.1007/s00190-006- 0034-z AUSTEN G., BAUR O., KELLER W.: Use of High Performance Computing in gravity field research; In NAGEL WE, W JÄGER and M RESCH (Eds.): High Performance Computing in Science and Engineering’05, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2006 BAUR O., GRAFAREND E.: Orbital rotations of a satellite. Case study: GOCE; Artificial Satellites 40 (2005) 87-107 BAUR O., KUSCHE J.: LSQR Based Geopotential Recovery; Proceedings 1st International Symposium of the IGFS, Istanbul, Turkey, accepted 2006 BAUR O., AUSTEN G., KELLER W.: Efficient Satellite Based Geopotential Recovery; In: NAGEL W.E., JÄGER W., RESCH M. (Eds.): High Performance Computing in Science and Engineering 06, 2006, 499-514, Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York BAUR O., SNEEUW N.: The Slepian approach revisited: dealing with the polar gap in satellite based geopotential recovery; (3rd International GOCE User Workshop, 6.-8.11.2006, Frascati, Italy), CD version, 6 pp, 2006 BAUR O., GRAFAREND E.: High-Performance GOCE Gravity Field Recovery from Gravity Gradients Tensor Invariants and Kinematic Orbit Information; In: FLURY J, R RUMMEL, C REIGBER, M ROTHACHER, G BOEDECKER and U SCHREIBER (Eds.): Observation of the Earth System from Space, 239-253, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2006 BEUTLER., G., DRINKWATER M. R., RUMMEL R., VON STEIGER R.: Earth Gravity Field from Space - from Sensors to Earth Sciences; Space Science Series of ISSI, Vol. 17, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2003 BOXHAMMER CH., SCHUH W.-D.: GOCE gravity field modeling: computational aspects - free kite numbering scheme. In: RUMMEL R., REIGBER CH., ROTHACHER M., BOEDECKER G., SCHREIBER U., FLURY J (Eds.): Observation of the Earth System from Space. Springer-Verlag, 2005 FENGLER MJ., FREEDEN W., MICHEL V.: The Kaiserslautern Multiscale Geopotential Model SWITCH-03 from Orbit Perturbations of the Satellite CHAMP and Its Comparison to the Models EGM96, UCPH2002_02_0.5, EIGEN-1s, and EIGEN-2; Geophysical Journal International, 157 (2004) 499-514 FENGLER M., FREEDEN W., GUTTING M.: Multiscale Modeling from EIGEN-1S, EIGEN-2, EIGEN-GRACE01S, UCPH 2002_0.5, EGM96; In: Earth Observation with CHAMP: Results from Three Years in Orbit. C. REIGBER, H. LÜHR, P. SCHWINTZER, J. WICKERT (eds.), 145-150, 2004 FENGLER M., FREEDEN W., KUSCHE J.: Multiscale Geopotential Solutions from CHAMP Orbits and Accelerometry; In: Earth Observation with CHAMP: Results from Three Years in Orbit. C. REIGBER, H. LÜHR, P. SCHWINTZER, J. WICKERT (eds.), 139-144, 2004 FENGLER M.- J., MICHEL D., MICHEL V.: Harmonic Spline- Wavelets on the 3-dimensional Ball and their Application to the Reconstruction of the Earth's Density Distribution from Gravitational Data at Arbitrarily Shaped Satellite Orbits; Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (ZAMM), 86 (2006) 856-873, DOI:10.1002/ zamm.200510277 FENGLER M., FREEDEN W., KOHLHAAS A., MICHEL V., PETERS T.: Wavelet Modelling of Regional and Temporal Variations of the Earth's Gravitational Potential Observed by GRACE, Journal of Geodesy 81:5–15, 10.1007/s00190-006-0040- 12006, 2007 FLURY J., RUMMEL R. (Eds.): Future Satellite Gravimetry and Earth Dynamics; Earth, Moon, and Planets, Springer, 2005 FLURY J., RUMMEL R.: Future satellite gravimetry for geodesy; Earth, Moon, and Planets, 94, 1-2, 13-30, 2005 FÖLDVARY L., WERMUTH M.: Semi-Analytical Gravity Field Analysis Applied to Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking Data; Geotechnologien Science Report, RUDL<strong>OF</strong>F A, STROINK L (Hrsg.), 3, 51-53, Koordinationsbüro Geotechnologien, Potsdam. 1619-7399, 2003 FÖLDVARY L., WERMUTH M.: Gravity Inversion Techniques for High-Low SST Applied to a Simulated GOCE Orbit; Acta Geodetica et Geophysica Hungarica, 40, 1, 1-13, 2005 FREEDEN W., MAIER T.: SST-Regularisierung durch Multiresolutionstechniken auf der Basis von CHAMP-Daten; Allgemeine Vermessungsnachrichten (AVN), 5 (2003) 162-175 FREEDEN W., MICHEL V. (eds): Multiscale Modeling of CHAMP Data; Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Schriften zur Funktionalanalysis und Geomathematik (SFG), Band 4, 2003 FREEDEN W., MICHEL V.: Multiscale Potential Theory (With Applications to Geoscience); Birkhäuser Verlag, Boston, Basel, Berlin, 2004 FREEDEN W., MICHEL V.: Orthogonal Zonal, Tesseral and Sectorial Wavelets on the Sphere for the Analysis of Satellite
Data; Advances in Computational Mathematics, 21 (2004) 181-217 FREEDEN W., SCHREINER M.: Spaceborne Gravitational Field Determination by Means of Locally Supported Wavelets; Journal of Geodesy, 79 (2005) 431-446 GERLACH CH., SNEEUW N., VISSER P., SVEHLA D.: CHAMP Gravity Field Recovery with the Energy Balance Approach: First Results; First CHAMP Mission Results for Gravity, Magnetic and Atmospheric Studies, REIGBER CH, LÜHR H, SCHWINTZER P (Hrsg.), 134-139, Springer, (2003a) GERLACH CH., SNEEUW N., VISSER P., SVEHLA D.: CHAMP Gravity Field Recovery Using the Energy Balance Approach; Advances in Geosciences 1(1):73-80, (2003b) GERLACH CH., FÖLDVARY L., SVEHLA D., GRUBER TH., WER- MUTH M., SNEEUW N., FROMMKNECHT B., OBERNDORFER H., PETERS TH., ROTHACHER M., RUMMEL R., STEIGEN- BERGER P.: A CHAMP-only gravity field model from kinematic orbits using the energy integral, Geophysical Research Letters 30, 20, 10.1029/2003GL018025, (2003C) GERLACH CH., VISSER P. N. A. M.: SWARM and Gravity: Possibilities and Expectations for Gravity Field Recovery. ESA, WPP-261, Proceedings of the First Swarm International Science Meeting, 3-5 May 2006, Nantes, France, (2006) GÖTZELMANN M., KELLER W., REUBELT T.: Gross error compensation for gravity field analysis based on kinematic orbit data; Journal of Geodesy 80 (2006) 184-198, DOI 10.1007/s00190-006-0061-9 GRUBER C., TSOULIS D., SNEEUW N.: CHAMP accelerometer calibration by means of the equation of motion and an apriori gravity model; Zeitschrift für Vermessungswesen 130 (2005) 92-98 HECK B., WILD F.: Topographic reductions in satellite gravity gradiometry based on a generalized condensation model; SANSÒ F (ed): A Window on the Future of Geodesy, <strong>IAG</strong> Symposia, Vol. 128, 294–299, Springer, (2004) HESSE K.: Domain Decomposition Methods in Multiscale Geopotential Determination from SST and SGG., PhD Thesis., University of Kaiserslautern, (2003) HESSE K., GUTTING M.: Smoothing Splines in Multiscale Geopotential Determination from SST-Data or SGG-Data; Technical Report AGTM, No. 255, Laboratory of Technomathematics, Geomathematics Group, University of Kaiserslautern, (2003) ILK K.-H., MAYER-GÜRR T., FEUCHTINGER M.: Gravity Field Recovery by Analysis of Short Arcs of CHAMP, in C REIGBER., H LÜHR., P SCHWINTZER., J WICKERT (Eds.): Earth Observation with CHAMP, Results from Three Years in Orbit, pp.127-132, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, (2005) KARGOLL B.: Comparison of some robust parameter estimation techniques for outlier analysis applied to simulated GOCE mission data. In: Jekeli C., BASTOS L., FERNANDES J (eds) Gravity, geoid and space missions, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, vol 129. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 77–82, 2005 JARECKI F., MÜLLER J.: Validation of GOCE Gradients Using Cross-Overs. Status Seminar “Observation of the System Earth from Space”; Geotechnologien Science Report, No. 3, 79-84, 2003 KELLER W., SHARIFI M.A.: Satellite gradiometry using a pair of satellites; Journal of Geodesy 78:544–557, 2005 LÖCHER A., ILK K.-H.Energy Balance Relations for Validation of Gravity Field Models, Orbit Determinations Applied to the Results of the CHAMP Mission, in C. Reigber, H. Lühr, N. Sneeuw: Satellite Gravity Theory 73 P. Schwintzer, J. Wickert (Eds.): Earth Observation with CHAMP, Results from Three Years in Orbit, pp.53-58, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2005 MARINKOVIC P., GRAFAREND E., REUBELT T.: Space Gravity Spectroscopy: The Benefits of Taylor-Karman Structured Criterion Matrices; Advances in Geosciences 1 (2003) 1-8 MAYER-GÜRR T., ILK K.-H., EICKER A., FEUCHTINGER M.: ITG- CHAMP01: A CHAMP Gravity Field Model from Short Kinematical Arcs of a One-Year Observation Period, Journal of Geodesy 78(7-8): 462-480, 10.1007/s00190-004-0413-2, 2005 MICHEL V: Regularized Wavelet-based Multiresolution Recovery of the Harmonic Mass Density Distribution from Data of the Earth's Gravitational Field at Satellite Height; Inverse Problems, 21 (2005) 997-1025 MÜLLER J: GOCE gradients in various reference frames and their accuracies; In: Proceedings of session G1 The new gravity field missions (CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE): from measurements to geophysical interpretation of the EGS General Assembly, Nice, France, 2002, Advances in Geosciences, 1 (2003) 33-38 NOVÁK P., AUSTEN G., SHARIFI M.A., GRAFAREND E.: Mapping Earth’s gravitation using GRACE data; In FLURY J, R RUMMEL, C REIGBER, M ROTHACHER, G BOEDECKER and U SCHREIBER (Eds.): Observation of the Earth System from Space, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2006 NOVÁK P., GRAFAREND E.: The effect of topographical and atmospheric masses on spaceborne gravimetric and gradiometric data; Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica 50 (2006) 549-582 REUBELT T., AUSTEN G., GRAFAREND E.: Harmonic Analysis of the Earth's Gravitational Field by Means of Semi-Continuous Ephemerides of a Low Earth Orbiting GPS-Tracked Satellite; Case Study: CHAMP. Journal of Geodesy 77 (2003) 257-278 REUBELT T., AUSTEN G., GRAFAREND E.: Space Gravity Spectroscopy – Determination of the Earth's Gravitational Field by Means of Newton Interpolated LEO Ephemeris; Case Studies on Dynamic (CHAMP Rapid Science Orbit) and Kinematic Orbits. Advances in Geosciences 1 (2003) 127- 135 REUBELT T., GÖTZELMANN M., GRAFAREND E.: Harmonic Analysis of the Earth’s Gravitational Field from Kinematic CHAMP Orbits based on Numerically Derived Satellite Accelerations; In: FLURY J, RUMMEL R, REIGBER C, ROTHACHER M, BOEDECKER G, SCHREIBER U (Eds.) Observation of the Earth System from Space, 27-42, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 2006 RUMMEL. R: How to climb the gravity wall; BEUTLER G, MR DRINKWATER, R RUMMEL., R von STEIGER: Earth Gravity Field from Space – from Sensors to Earth Sciences. Space Science Reviews, Kluwer, Dordrecht (Hrsg.), 2003 SCHMIDT M., FABERT O., SHUM C. K.: Towards the Estimation of a Multi-Resolution Representation of the Gravity Field Based on Spherical Wavelets; In: Sanso, F. (ed.) A Window on the Future of Geodesy. Springer, Berlin, 362-367, 2005 SCHMIDT M., KUSCHE J., VAN LOON J., SHUM C.K., HAN S.-C., FABERT O.: Multi-resolution representation of regional gravity data; In: JEKELI, C., BASTOS, L., FERNANDES, J. (eds.) Gravity, Geoid and Space Missions. Springer, Berlin, 167-172, 2005 SCHMIDT M., FABERT O., SHUM C.K.: On the Estimation of a Multi-Resolution Representation of the Gravity Field Based on Spherical Harmonics and Wavelets; Journal of Geodynamics, 39 (2005) 512-526
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DEUTSCHE GEODÄTISCHE KOMMISSION be
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Adresse des Herausgebers / Address
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Contents Commission 1 - Reference F
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COMMISSION 1 REFERENCE FRAMES 7
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10 Commission 1 - Reference Frames
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14 Introduction Celestial Reference
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Page 24 and 25: 22 Commission 1 - Reference Frames
Page 26 and 27: 24 Introduction The contributions o
Page 30 and 31: 28 Satellite altimetry provides a p
Page 35: COMMISSION 2 GRAVITY FIELD 33
Page 38 and 39: 36 Commission 2 - Gravity Field res
Page 40 and 41: 38 Commission 2 - Gravity Field aut
Page 42 and 43: 40 Commission 2 - Gravity Field in
Page 44 and 45: 42 Commission 2 - Gravity Field sho
Page 46 and 47: 44 Commission 2 - Gravity Field KRE
Page 48 and 49: 46 Commission 2 - Gravity Field Dev
Page 50 and 51: 48 Commission 2 - Gravity Field ILK
Page 52 and 53: 50 Introduction In the reporting pe
Page 54 and 55: 52 Commission 2 - Gravity Field of
Page 56 and 57: 54 Commission 2 - Gravity Field GRU
Page 58 and 59: 56 Commission 2 - Gravity Field LEM
Page 60 and 61: 58 1. Modelling Techniques Fundamen
Page 62 and 63: 60 Commission 2 - Gravity Field BUN
Page 64 and 65: 62 Commission 2 - Gravity Field Geo
Page 66 and 67: 64 Commission 2 - Gravity Field SCH
Page 68 and 69: 66 Commission 2 - Gravity Field gra
Page 70 and 71: 68 Commission 2 - Gravity Field LOM
Page 72 and 73: 70 Introduction The four years sinc
Page 76 and 77: 74 Commission 2 - Gravity Field SCH
Page 79 and 80: Introduction The determination of E
Page 81 and 82: Introduction German investigations
Page 83 and 84: In Europe, there are detailed inves
Page 85 and 86: SASGEN, I., MULVANEY R., KLEMANN V.
Page 87 and 88: enabling us to map the behaviour of
Page 89 and 90: NAUJOKS M, JAHR T., JENTZSCH G.,. K
Page 91 and 92: nental hydrosphere. Thus, interpret
Page 93 and 94: M. Thomas, M. Soffel, H. Drewes: Ea
Page 95 and 96: M. Thomas, M. Soffel, H. Drewes: Ea
Page 97 and 98: observed that the resulting masscha
Page 99 and 100: Since 2001, the IERS Central Bureau
Page 101 and 102: COMMISSION 4 POSITIONING AND APPLIC
Page 103 and 104: The main highlights in the past fou
Page 105 and 106: VLBI Space Geodetic Techniques (VLB
Page 107 and 108: A. Nothnagel: Space Geodetic Techni
Page 109 and 110: A. Nothnagel: Space Geodetic Techni
Page 111 and 112: also be able to track the broadband
Page 113 and 114: CHEN X., DEKING A., LANDAU H., STOL
Page 115 and 116: SEEBER G.: Beitrag für „Directio
Page 117 and 118: 2003, WÜBBENA et al. 2006a) or in
Page 119 and 120: Permanent GNSS Networks, including
Page 121 and 122: G. Weber, M. Becker, J. Ihde: Perma
Page 123 and 124: G. Weber, M. Becker, J. Ihde: Perma
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General remarks The continuous and
Page 127 and 128:
Introduction GNSS Based Sounding of
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J. Wickert, N. Jakowski: GNSS Based
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J. Wickert, N. Jakowski: GNSS Based
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References ADAM N.: TerraFirma Qual
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Introduction The period 2003 - 2007
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procedures and surveying instrument
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Motivation During the last years, n
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AVILA-RODRIGUEZ J.-A., PANY T., EIS
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SEIFERT A., KLEUSBERG A. (2003): An
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IAG PROJECTS 143
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The Global Geodetic Observing Syste
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KRÜGEL M., TESMER V., ANGERMANN D.
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Inter-commission Committees (ICC) A
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After the restructuring of the IAG
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Introduction Physical Aspects of Ge
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H. Drewes, M. Soffel: Physical Aspe
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W. Keller, W. Freeden: Mathematical
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W. Keller, W. Freeden: Mathematical
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H. Kutterer, W.-D. Schuh: Quality M
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B. ICC on Planetary Geodesy (ICCPG)
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Introduction Various space missions
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Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung und
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