eTheses Repository - University of Birmingham

List of tables
Table 2.1: SWOT analysis for the BEP urban scheme...................................................................... 36
Table 2.2: SWOT analysis for the METRAS mesoscale model....................................................... 37
Table 3.1: Surface characteristics for the land-use classes (Schlünzen et al. 2003)....................... 57
Table 3.2: Summary of the boundary conditions used for all METRAS model runs ................. 63
Table 3.3: Description of how the 27 land cover classes in the CEH Land Cover Map 2000 are
summarised into the 10 METRAS land cover classes......................................................... 77
Table 3.4: Definition of the BEP urban classes based on the CEH Land Cover map 2000
classification................................................................................................................................. 80
Table 3.5: Distribution of building heights for the two urban classes defined for the
simulations representing London............................................................................................ 81
Table 3.6: Parameters for the city for the urban simulation. κ s is the thermal diffusivity of the
material, C s is the specific heat of the material, T int is the initial temperature of the
material (equal to the temperature of the deepest layer), ε is the surface emissivity, α is
the albedo and z 0 is the roughness length of the surface.................................................... 81
Table 3.7: Summary of available data for the MIDAS weather stations used in the model
evaluation in Chapter 5 ............................................................................................................. 83
Table 4.1: Summary of the idealised test cases.................................................................................... 87
Table 4.2: Building height distribution for the three sensitivity simulations...............................107
Table 4.3: Typical albedo values for rural and urban surfaces, taken from Oke (1987) and Taha
(1997)..........................................................................................................................................112
Table 4.4: Details of the simulations with different land cover classes surrounding the central
urban area...................................................................................................................................123
Table 5.1: Summary of the Lamb classification................................................................................136
Table 5.2: Selected periods of simulation for the evaluation of METRAS+BEP .....................139
Table 6.1: Summary of simulations which form the COMBINED series of runs ....................165
Table 6.2: Comparison of model simulations and the approximate year of urban development166
Table 6.3: Summary of simulations which form the RADIUS series of model runs ................167
Table 6.4: Summary of simulations which form the DENSITY series of model runs.............168
Table 6.5: REI for the URB_BASE-NOURB model comparison, calculated for the second day
of simulation..............................................................................................................................183
Table 6.6: Comparison of the maximum variation in near surface potential temperature (%) for
daytime and night time for each series of model runs. .....................................................186
Table 6.7: Effective radius (km) and the ratio of the effective radius R eff to the actual radius of
the urban area R urb for the RADIUS and COMBINED series of model runs. The
effective radius is calculated for the second day of simulation at 04:00.........................191
Table 6.8: REI for the RADIUS, DENSITY and COMBINED model series, for night time
(04:00) and daytime (12:00), for the second day of simulation........................................193
Table 7.1: Summary of simulations which form the EXPANSION series of model runs, which
represents the urban expansion over all grid cells, independently of whether they are
already urbanised or not..........................................................................................................211
Table 7.2: Summary of simulations which form the DENSIFICATION series of model runs,
which represents the urban expansion for existing urban cells (where the urban
fraction exceeds a threshold percentage) only ....................................................................213
xii