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176 Reverse Engineering – Recent Advances and Applications Fig. 16. Results of the sheet metal example tested using Rapidform, (a) polygon mesh (126,492 triangles), (b) NURB surface model (43 patches), and (c) deviation analysis 4.3.3 Summary of round one evaluations Based on the software evaluated and examples tested, we concluded that Geomagic and Rapidform are the only viable software tools for automated surface constructions. Between these two, Geomagic offers more flexible and easier to use capabilities in editing NURB curves and surfaces, as well as smoothing NURB surfaces. On the other hand, Rapidform offers more quality measurement functions, such as continuity and surface reflection, on the constructed surface model. In addition, Rapidform provides feature tree that allows users to roll back and edit geometric entities created previously, which is extremely helpful in dealing with complex models. However, Rapidform tends to create larger NURB surfaces that could sometimes lead to problems. Overall, either tool would do a very good job for surface constructions; Geomagic has a slight edge in support of editing geometric entities. 4.4 Round 2: Parametric solid modeling Although NURB surface models represent the part geometry accurately, they are not parametric. There are no CAD-like geometric features, no section profiles, and no dimensions; therefore, design change is impractical with the NURB surface models. In some applications, geometry of the parts must be modified in order to achieve better product performance, among other possible scenarios. In round 2, we focus on evaluating parametric modeling capabilities in four software tools, including Geomagic, Rapidform, SolidWorks, and Wildfire. More specifically, we are looking for answers to the following three questions: 1. Can geometric primitives, such as cones, spheres, etc., be automatically recognized from segmented regions? How many such primitives can be recognized? 2. Whether a section sketch of a geometric feature can be created from a polygon mesh or point cloud (or segmented regions)? This is mainly for generating solid models interactively. 3. Whether a section sketch generated in (2) can be fully parameterized? Can dimensions and geometric constraints, such as concentric, equal radii, etc., be added to the section profile conveniently? Solid modeling capabilities in the context of reverse engineering for the four selected software are listed in Table 5, based on the first glance. Among these four, Geomagic, Rapidform, and SolidWorks are able to recognize basic primitives, such as plane, cylinder,
A Review on Shape Engineering and Design Parameterization in Reverse Engineering sphere, etc., from segmented regions. Wildfire dose not offer any of the modeling capabilities we are looking for; therefore, is excluded from the evaluation. Although some primitives can be recognized automatically, they often result in a partially recognized or misrecognized solid model. It takes a good amount of effort to interactively recover the remaining primitives or correct misrecognized primitives. Overall, it often requires less effort yet yielding a much better solid model by interactively recovering solid features embedded in the segmented regions. The interactive approach mainly involves creating or extracting section profiles or guide curves from a polygon mesh, and following CAD-like steps to create solid features, for example, sweep a section profile along a guide curve for a sweep solid feature. Geomagic Studio v.11 Rapidform XOR3 SolidWorks 2009 Q1: Recognition of geometric primitives Yes (Solid + Surface) Yes (Solid + Surface) Yes (Surface only) Recognized primitives Plane, Cylinder, Cone, Sphere, Free form, Extrusion, Revolve Plane, Cylinder, Cone, Sphere, Torus, Box Plane, Cylinder, Cone, Sphere, Torus, Free form, Extrusion, Revolve Q2: Section sketch Yes (Poor) Yes (Excellent) Yes (Poor) 177 Q3: Adding dimensions and constraints Yes (Poor) Yes (Fair) Yes (Poor) Wildfire v.4 No No No No Table 5. Feature primitive recognition capabilities of selected software Among the remaining three, SolidWorks is most difficult to use; especially in selecting misrecognized or unrecognized regions to manually assign a correct primitive type. The system responds very slowly and only supports surface primitive recognition. Therefore, SolidWorks is also excluded in this round of evaluations. 4.4.1 Geomagic Studio v.11 Geomagic automatically recognizes primitive surfaces from segmented regions. If a primitive surface is misrecognized or unrecognizable, users are able to interactively choose the segmented region and assign a correct primitive type. Often, this interactive approach leads to a solid model with all bounding surfaces recognized. Unfortunately, there is no feature tree, and no CAD-like capabilities in Geomagic. Users are not able to see any sketch or dimensions in Geomagic Studio v.11. Therefore, users will not be able to edit or add any dimensions or constraints to parameterize the sketch profiles. Section sketches only become available to the users after exporting the solid model to a selected CAD package supported by Geomagic.
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REVERSE ENGINEERING - RECENT ADVANC
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Contents Preface IX Part 1 Software
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Preface Introduction In the recent
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Preface XI and con’s related to t
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Preface XIII the step-by-step appli
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Part 1 Software Reverse Engineering
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4 Reverse Engineering - Recent Adva
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10 Reverse Engineering - Recent Adv
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58 2. Model driven architecture: An
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62 Fig. 1. Model, metamodels and tr
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100 Reverse Engineering - Recent Ad
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108 Table 1. Number of smoothers an
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1. Introduction 60 Surface Reconstr
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Surface Reconstruction from Unorgan
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238 5. Summary and discussions Reve
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268 Fig. 6. A closed polygon mesh r
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272 3. Results Reverse Engineering
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