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62 Fig. 1. Model, metamodels and transformations Reverse Engineering – Recent Advances and Applications 2.2 MDA case tools The success of MDA depends on the existence of CASE tools that make a significant impact on software processes such as forward engineering and reverse engineering processes, however all of the MDA tools are partially compliant to MDA features. The main limitations of MDA tools are related to the incipient evolution of metamodeling standards such as QVT or KDM and to the lack of specification (in terms of MDA standards) of various platforms. The article (Stevens, 2008) argues that a considerable amount of basic research is needed before suitable tools will be fully realizable. The major developments taking place in the framework of the Eclipse project (Eclipse, 2011). For instance, the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) was created for facilitating system modeling and the automatic generation of Java code. EMF started as an implementation of MOF resulting Ecore, the EMF metamodel comparable to EMOF. EMF has evolved starting from the experience of the Eclipse community to implement a variety of tools and to date is highly related to Model Driven Engineering (MDE). For instance, ATL (Atlas Transformation Language) is a model transformation language in the field of MDE that is developed on top of the Eclipse platform (ATL, 2011). Commercial tools such as IBM Rational Software Architect, Spark System Enterprise Architect or Together are integrated with Eclipse-EMF (CASE MDA, 2011). Few MDA-based CASE tools support QVT or at least, any of the QVT languages. As an example, IBM Rational Software Architect and Spark System Enterprise Architect do not
MDA-Based Reverse Engineering implement QVT. Other tools partially support QVT, for instance Together allows defining and modifying transformations model-to-model (M2M) and model-to-text (M2T) that are QVT-Operational compliant. Medini QVT partially implements QVT (Medini, 2011). It is integrated with Eclipse and allows the execution of transformations expressed in the QVT- Relation language. Eclipse M2M, the official tool compatible with of Eclipse 3.5 and EMF 2.5.0, is still under development and implements the specification of QVT-Operational. Blu Age and Modisco are ADM compliant Case tools and built on Eclipse that allow reverse engineering (Modisco, 2011) (CASE MDA, 2011). Modisco is considered by ADM as the reference provider for real implementations of several of its standards such as KDM and Abstract Syntax Tree Metamodel (ASTM), in particular. MoDisco provides an extensible framework to develop model-driven tools to support use-cases of existing software modernization. It uses EMF to describe and manipulate models, M2M to implement transformation of models into other models, Eclipse M2T to implement generation of text and Eclipse Java Development Tools (JDT). At the moment, Modisco supports reverse engineering of class diagrams. Some interesting challenges are still open in it, for instance, reverse engineering of different UML diagrams and scalability. Another limitation of the MDA tools has to do with model validation. Reasoning about models of systems is well supported by automated theorem provers and model checkers, however these tools are not integrated into CASE tools environments. Only research tools provide support for formal specification and deductive verification. As an example, we can mention USE 3.0 that is a system for specification of information systems in OCL. USE allows snapshots of running systems can be created and manipulated during an animation, checking OCL constraints to validate the specification against non-formal requirements (Use, 2011) (OCL USE, 2011). 3. Metamodel formalization The essence of MDA is metamodeling, MOF in particular. OCL is widely used by MOFbased metamodels to constrain and perform evaluations on them. OCL contains many inconsistencies and evolves with MDA standards (Willink, 2011). OCL has a denotational semantics that has been implemented in tools that allow dynamic validation of snapshots. However, it cannot be considered strictly a formal specification language due to a formal language must at least provide syntax, some semantics and an inference system. The syntax defines the structure of the text of a formal specification including properties that are expressed as axioms (formulas of some logic). The semantics describes the models linked to a given specification; in the formal specification context, a model is a mathematical object that defines behavior of the realizations of the specifications. The inference system allows defining deductions that can be made from a formal specification. These deductions allow new formulas to be derived and checked. So, the inference system can help to automate testing, prototyping or verification. A combination of MOF metamodeling and formal specification can help us to address MDA-based processes such as forward engineering and reverse engineering. In light of this we define a special-purpose language, called NEREUS, to provide extra support for metamodeling. NEREUS takes advantage of existing theoretical background on formal methods, for instance, the notions of refinement, implementation correctness, observable equivalences and behavioral equivalences that play an essential role in model-to-model 63
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REVERSE ENGINEERING - RECENT ADVANC
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Contents Preface IX Part 1 Software
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Preface Introduction In the recent
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Preface XI and con’s related to t
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Preface XIII the step-by-step appli
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Part 1 Software Reverse Engineering
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4 Reverse Engineering - Recent Adva
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10 Reverse Engineering - Recent Adv
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112 Reverse Engineering - Recent Ad
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1. Introduction 60 Surface Reconstr
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Surface Reconstruction from Unorgan
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1. Introduction A Systematic Approa
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A Systematic Approach for Geometric
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A Review on Shape Engineering and D
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Integrating Reverse Engineering and
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Part 3 Reverse Engineering in Medic
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238 5. Summary and discussions Reve
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268 Fig. 6. A closed polygon mesh r
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272 3. Results Reverse Engineering
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