262 Reverse Engineering <strong>–</strong> Recent Advances <strong>and</strong> Applications 20 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH [2] Carslaw, H.S., <strong>and</strong> Jaeger, J.C. (2000). Conduction of Heat in Solids, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, NY. [3] Comroe, J.H. (1962). The lung; clinical physiology <strong>and</strong> pulmonary function tests, Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, IL. [4] Felici, M. <strong>and</strong> Filoche, M. <strong>and</strong> Sapoval, B. (2003). Diffusional screening in the human pulmonary acinus. J. Appl. Physiol., Vol. 94, pp. 2010. [5] Felici, M. <strong>and</strong> Filoche, M. <strong>and</strong> Sapoval, B. (2004). Renormalized R<strong>and</strong>om Walk Study of Oxygen Absorption in the Human Lung. Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 92, pp.068101. [6] Gheorghiu, S., <strong>and</strong> Coppens, M.-O. (2004). Optimal bimodal pore networks for heterogeneous catalysis. AIChE J., Vol. 50, pp. 812. [7] Grebenkov, D. S. <strong>and</strong> Filoche, M. <strong>and</strong> Sapoval, B. <strong>and</strong> Felici, M. (2005). Diffusion-Reaction in Branched Structures: Theory <strong>and</strong> Application to the Lung Acinus. Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 94, pp. 050602. [8] Haefeli-Bleuer, B., <strong>and</strong> Weibel, E.R. (1998). Morphometry of the human pulmonary acinus Anat. Rec., Vol. 220, pp. 401. [9] Hou, C. (2005). Scaling laws for oxygen transport across the space-filling system of respiratory membranes in the human lung, PhD thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. [10] Hou, C., Gheorghiu, S., Huxley, V.H., <strong>and</strong> Pfeifer, P. (2010). Reverse Engineering of Oxygen Transport in the Lung: Adaptation to Changing Dem<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Resources through Space-Filling Networks. PLoS Comput. Biol., Vol. 6, No. 8, pp. e1000902. [11] Kjelstrup, S., Coppens, M.-O., Pharoah, J.G., <strong>and</strong> Pfeifer, P. (2010). Nature-Inspired Energy- <strong>and</strong> Material-Efficient Design of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell. Energy Fuels, Vol. 24, pp. 5097. [12] Mayo, M. (2009). Hierarchical Model of Gas-Exchange within the Acinar Airways of the Human Lung, PhD thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. [13] Mayo, M. Gheorghiu, S., <strong>and</strong> Pfeifer, P. (2011). Diffusional Screening in Treelike Spaces: an Exactly Solvable Diffusion-Reaction Model, Submitted. [14] M<strong>and</strong>elbrot, B. (1982). The Fractal Geometry of Nature, W.H. Freeman, USA. [15] Needham, T. (2007). Visual Complex Analysis, Oxford University Press, USA. [16] Pfeifer, P., <strong>and</strong> Sapoval, B. (1995). Optimization of diffusive transport to irregular surfaces with low sticking probability. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., Vol. 366, pp. 271. [17] Sapoval, B., Filoche, M., <strong>and</strong> Weibel, E.R. (2002). Smaller is better<strong>–</strong>but not too small: A physical scale for the design of the mammalian pulmonary acinus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 99, No. 16, pp. 10411. [18] Weibel, E.R. (1984). The Pathway for Oxygen, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. [19] Weibel, E.R., Taylor, C.R., <strong>and</strong> Hoppeler, H. (1992). Variations in function <strong>and</strong> design: Testing symmorphosis in the respiratory system. PLoS Comp. Biol., Vol. 6, No. 8, pp. e1000902 [20] Weibel, E.R., Sapoval, B., <strong>and</strong> Filoche, M. (2005). Design of peripheral airways for efficient gas exchange. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol., Vol. 148, pp. 3.
1. Introduction 12 Reverse Engineering <strong>and</strong> FEM Analysis for Mechanical Strength Evaluation of Complete Dentures: A Case Study A. Cernescu 1, C. Bortun 2 <strong>and</strong> N. Faur 1 1 Politehnica University of Timisoara 2 “Victor Babes“ University of Medicine <strong>and</strong> Pharmacy of Timisoara Romania Complete dentures are used in social healthcare of the seniors. These frequently deteriorate, due to the fragility <strong>and</strong> structural defects of the materials from which are realized, <strong>and</strong> also due to the accidents produced because of the patients disabilities. The loss of teeth impairs patients’ appearance, mastication ability <strong>and</strong> speech, thus upsetting the quality of their social <strong>and</strong> personal life (Mack F., 2005). The selection of materials used in complete dentures technology is crucial, because this directly relates to its performance <strong>and</strong> life span. Generally, the complete dentures bases are made from acrylic resins <strong>–</strong> heat curing, light curing, casting, injection, microwaves technologies. Processing technology of these materials sometimes lead to complete dentures with small defects, which can initiate cracks; these are responsible for failure of the complete denture before the expected lifetime. The relative short lifetime of the complete dentures has led researchers to investigate the causes of fracture by studying the stress distribution upon mastication <strong>and</strong> to find ways to improve their mechanical performance. The finite element method (FEM) has been used for five decades for numerical stress analysis (N. Faur, 2002). The advent of 3D FEM further enables researchers to perform stress analysis on complicated geometries such as complete dentures, <strong>and</strong> provides a more detailed evaluation of the complete state of stress in their structures. 1.1 The aim of the work Due to developing technologies of acrylic resins, the complete dentures have a high degree of porosity (defects). These defects in material structure, together with brittle fracture behavior, can cause failure of the complete denture before the expected lifetime. The aim of this paper is to perform a numerical analysis which emphasize the high risk of denture degradation due to presence of defects. Numerical analysis was performed by applying finite elements method on a three-dimensional geometric model resulted by 3D scanning of a real denture. The scanned model, as a point cloud, has been processed <strong>and</strong> converted into a solid geometric model using „<strong>reverse</strong> <strong>engineering</strong>“ techniques. Through the subject approached, this paper wants to inform about the <strong>reverse</strong> <strong>engineering</strong> tehniques <strong>and</strong> also presents their usefulness by a numerical analysis.
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