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7 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES Agenda 21 (1992). Protection of the oceans, all kinds of seas, including enclosed and semienclosed seas, and coastal areas and the protection, rational use and development of their living resources. published under http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/agenda21.htm, Agenda 21, Chapter 17. Al-Rabeh, A. H., Lardner, R. W. and Gunay, N. (2000). GULFHYDRO Version 2.0: A software package for hydrodynamics in the Arabian Gulf. Environmental Modelling and Software, 15: 23–34. Badr, H. M., Al-Rabeh, A. H. and Khan, R. (1999). GULFDISP: A pc-based package for modeling brine and thermal dispersion in the Arabian Gulf. Proceedings of the Fifth Saudi Engineering Conference, March 1-4, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia, 4: 383–393. C.R.E.S. (1998). Desalination guide using renewable energies. THERMIE Programme of the European Commission, Directorate General for Energy (DG XVII), with contributions of C.R.E.S. Centre for Renewable Energy Sources, Greece; University of Las Palmas, Spain; Richard Morris and Associates, UK; Techenerg Limited, Ireland, 101p. Del Bene, J., Jirka, G. and Largier, J. (1994). Ocean brine disposal. Desalination, 97: 365– 372. Doneker, R. L. and Jirka, G. H. (2001). CORMIX-GI systems for mixing zone analysis of brine wastewater disposal. Desalination, 139: 263–274. Falbe, J. and Regitz, M. (Ed.) (1995). Roempp Chemie Lexikon, 9th Edition on CD-ROM. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart. Gleick, P. (1999). The Human Right to Water. Water Policy, 1: 487–503. Jirka, G., Doneker, R. and Hinton, S. (1996). User’s manual for cormix: A hydrodynamic mixing zone model and decision support system for pollutant discharges into surface waters. DeFrees Hydraulics Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-3501 Khordagui, H. (1992). Conceptual approach to selection of a control measure for residual chlorine discharge in Kuwait Bay. Environmental Management 16, 3: 309–316. Kronenberg, G. (2002). Structuring the Ashkelon BOT contract. The International Desalination and Water Reuse Quaterly, A Faversham House Group Publication, IDA International Desalination Association, 12: 24–30. Margat, J. and Vallée, D. (2000). Mediterranean vision on water, population and the environment for the 21 st century. Blue Plan for the Global Water Partnership/Medtac in the programme of the World Water Vision of the World Water Council. Ribiero, J. (1996). Desalination technology survey and prospects, IPTS EUR 16434 EN. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain, 55p. Rott, B., Viswanathan, R. and Freitag, D. (1982). Comparative-study of the usefulness of various tests for checking the degradability of environmental chemicals. Chemosphere 11, 5: 531-538. Quote from the Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB), a database of the National Library of Medicine’s TOXNET system. Access to database under http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov. UNEP (1990). An Approach to Environmental Impact Assessment for Projects Affecting the Coastal and Marine Environment. Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 122. 40
UNEP (1996). State of the marine and coastal environment in the Mediterranean Region. MAP Technical Report Series No. 100, UNEP, Athens. UNEP/MED (2002a). Assessment of the sea water desalination activities in the Mediterranean region and environmental impacts. UNEP(DEC)/MED WG.205/3, Athens. UNEP/MED (2002b). Recommendations for the preparation of guidelines for the management of sea water desalination in the Mediterranean region. (UNEP(DEC)/MED WG.205/4), Athens. UNEP/WHO (1996). Guidelines for authorizations for the discharge of liquid wastes into the Mediterranean Sea. MAP Technical Reports Series No. 107, UNEP, Athens. Wangnick, K. (1999). IDA Worldwide Desalting Plants Inventory Report No. 16. Wangnick Consulting GmbH, 27442 Gnarrenburg, Germany, 247p. 41
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UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMM
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Assessment of sea
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TABLE DES MATIÈRES Page INTRODUCTI
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CHAPITRE 1. - DESSALEMENT DE L’EA
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FIGURE 2 POPULATION MONDIALE ET POP
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Année de référence 6 Projections
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Énergie Freshwater Eau salée 8 Sa
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FIGURE 4 SECTION CHAUFFAGE SECTION
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FIGURE 6 Vapeur Une fraction de la
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FIGURE 7 CIRCUIT EAU D'ALIMENTATION
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FIGURE 9 Schéma de fonctionnement
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Une option qui sera à envisager de
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Pays Tableau 2 Capacité de product
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Malte a été le premier pays médi
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Fig. 12. Capacité de production (m
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Tableau 4 Capacité de production(m
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Fig. 14. Capacité totale de produc
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Type OI MSF VC ME & ED Total Année
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Fig. 15. Capacité de production (m
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Comme il ressort de la figure 18, d
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Fig. 17 Volume d’eau de mer dessa
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Fig. 19. Capacités et nombre d’u
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CHAPITRE 3. - LES IMPACTS SUR L’E
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présence de certains métaux, qui
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n’adhère pas ou ne se développe
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Tableau 14 Composition chimique de
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Tableau 16 Grille d’impacts néfa
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Une étude d’impact sur l’envir
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salinité (contenu en sels plus él
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les dommages étaient provoqués pa
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CHAPITRE 4. - LES ASPECTS JURIDIQUE
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c) Phase de post-traitement Le reje
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CHAPITRE 5. - CONCLUSIONS La progre
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BIBLIOGRAPHIE (1) Abu Qdais Hani, A
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(40) Zimmerman, R. (1996), Dhekelia
Page 74 and 75: Pays Emplacement Capacité m 3 /jou
Page 80 and 81: a) Procédé: ANNEXE II TABLE DES A
Page 83: TABLE DES MATIERES 1. INTRODUCTION
Page 86 and 87: compte aussi des dispositions du Pr
Page 88 and 89: le dessalement peut avoir des effet
Page 90 and 91: visés par l’annexe II du Protoco
Page 92 and 93: dans la section A de l’annexe I,
Page 94 and 95: Tableau 3-2: Substances chimiques d
Page 96 and 97: Tableau 3-4: Substances chimiques d
Page 98 and 99: exigent un matériel lourd qui prod
Page 100 and 101: Les usines de dessalement peuvent
Page 102 and 103: de plus de 10°C celle du milieu am
Page 104 and 105: Des agents antitartre sont ajoutés
Page 106 and 107: Impacts potentiels. L’eau de mer
Page 108 and 109: propagation du panache de rejet pou
Page 110 and 111: Figure 4-1: Estimation des rejets d
Page 112 and 113: Tableau 4-1: Demande d’eau par se
Page 114 and 115: considérablement abaissés. Ainsi,
Page 116 and 117: les courants, si bien que les tenda
Page 118 and 119: 34 v. procédure d’exploitation e
Page 120 and 121: 36 usines modernes, et la chloratio
Page 122 and 123: adaptés aux spécificités de chaq
Page 127 and 128: LIST OF MAP TECHNICAL SERIES REPORT
Page 129 and 130: MTS 104. UNEP/FAO: Final reports on
Page 131 and 132: MTS 66. UNEP/CRU: Regional Changes
Page 133 and 134: MTS 34. UNEP/FAO/WHO: Assessment of
Page 135: MTS 5. (*) UNEP/FAO: Research on th
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