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BIBLIOGRAPHIE (1) Abu Qdais Hani, A. (1999), Environmental Impacts of desalination plants on the Arabian Gulf San Diego Proceeding, 1999 Vol. III, pp.249-260 (2) Afgan, H.N., Darwish, M. and Cavvalho, J. (1999), Sustainability assessment of desalination plants for water production. Desalination, 124:19-31 (3) Agius, A. (1988), Salinity effects of the effluents from the TIGNE RO plant on the surrounding sea. Diploma thesis, University of MALTE (4) Al-Ghadban and Al-Ami (1993), Environmental Impact assessment. Integrated Methodology- A case study of Kuwait, Arabian Gulf. Coastal Management, 21:271-298 (5) Al-Gobaisi, D. (1994), Desalination, 99:483 (6) Altayaran, A. and Madany, I. (1992), Impact of a desalination plant on the physical and chemical properties of seawater, Bahrain. Water Research, Vol. 26, No. 4 pp.435-441 (7) Argyrou, M. (2000), Impact of Desalination Plant on marine macrobenthos in the coastal waters of Dehkelia bay, Cyprus. Internal Report. (8) Bennet, T. and Cuccinello, M. (1999), Saltwater desalination in Water Treatment Primer. (9) BLUE PLAN (2000), Mediterranean vision on water, population and the environment for the 21 st century (10) BLUE PLAN (1992), Overview of the Mediterranean (Development and Environment) (11) Blust, R. (1992), Effect of salinity on the uptake of cadmium by the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Mar.Ecol.Progr.Series, Vol. 84, pp.245-254 (12) Bouros, O.K. (1992), Desalting Technologies. The ABCs of Desalting (13) Burashid, K. (1992), Desalination and Water Reuse, 2(2):44 (14) California Coastal Commission (1991), Seawater desalination in California Chap. three: Potential Environmental Impacts (15) Chimarrides, A. (2000), Technical Data on the desalination plants constructed by PRIDESA CO. (16) Del Bebe, J.V., Gerhard, J. and Largier, J. (1994), Ocean brine disposal. Desalination, Vol. 97, pp.365-372 (17) Endean, R. (1978), Pollution of Coral Reefs. In: Fifth FAO/SIDA Workshop on aquatic pollution in relation to protection of living resources. FAO publication, pp.343-365 (18) Finan, M., Smith, S., Evans, K. and Muir, J. (1989), Desalination, 73:341 (19) Falzon, L. and Gingell, B. (1990), A study of the influence of the effluent from the TIGNE RO plant on algae grow. Dissertation of B.Sc. degree. MALTE University (20) Hammond, M., Blake, N., Dye, C. and Tomasko, C. (1998), Effects of sea water reverse osmosis concentrate on marine benthic communities. In: The Desalting Revolution. America Desalting Association 62
(21) Hoepner, H. (1999), A procedure for environmental impact assessments (EIA) for seawater desalination plants (22) Hon-machi and Shibuya-ka (1997), Pollution problems in a distillation process. In: Proceedings of International Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse. Tokyo, Japan. Elsevier, Amsterdam (23) Jawad-Abdel Mahmoud Al-Tabtabael Mohammad (1999), Impact of current power generation and water desalination activities on Kuwait Marine Environment. IDA World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse, San Diego California, pp.231-240 (24) Kennish, M.J. (1994), Practical Handbook of Marine Science (25) Laone, M. (1992), Concentrations of Natural Compounds in Rivers, Sea water, Atmosphere and Mussels. (26) Levinton, J.S. (1996), Marine Biology Function. Biodiversity, Ecology. Oxford University Press, New York, U.S.A., 462 p. (27) Linsky, R. (1999), “ What is the real value of water? in IDA NEWS Vol. 8 (28) Mabrook, B. (1994), Environmental impact of waste brine disposal of desalination plants, Red Sea, ÉGYPTE. Desalination, Vol. 97, pp.453-465 (29) Mickley, M., Hamilton, R., Gallegos, L. and Truesdall, J. (1993), Membrane Concentrate Disposal, AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association (30) Morton, A., J. et al. (1996), Environmental Impacts of Seawater distillation and reverse osmosis process, Desalination, (8):1-10. In: Proceeding of desalination and the Environment Oct. 20-23 (31) Oldfield, J.W. and Tood, B. (1996), Desalination, 108 p. (32) Sabri, Z.A., McLagan, G.P. and Hagenshohh (1980), “Safety and Environmental Impact of Fossil Fueled Desalination Plants Proceeding of the 7 th International Symposium on Fresh Water from the sea. Vol. 1, 99 p. (33) Sadiq, M. (1995), Metal Contamination of Sediments by Effluent from a RO Desalination Plant, International Desalination Association (34) Schipper, J. (2000), Environmental Impact from desalination plants – Pollution of the sea. WHO course on desalination March 2000 (35) Shunya, I., Shiger, S. and Ayako, M. (1994), The lethal effect of hypertonic solutions and avoidance of marine organisms in relation to discharged brine from desalination plant. Desalination. Vol. 97, pp.389-399 (36) Vanhems, C. (1992), Critical Review of Desalination Concentrate Disposal to Surface Water, U.S.A. (37) UNEP (1995), Assessment of the State of Pollution of the Mediterranean sea by Zinc, Copper and their compounds. Document UNEP((OCA)/MED WG er inf3. 121 p. (38) Wade, N.M. and Fletcher, R.S. (1995), Energy allocation and other factors in the inthencing water cost in desalination and dual purpose power/water plants. proc. of IDA World Congress, Abu Dhabi, Nov. 1995, vol. III, pp.363-380 (39) Wangnick, K. (2000), 2000 IDA Worldwide Desalting Plants Inventory. Report 2000 63
Page 1 and 2:
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMM
Page 3:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Assessment of sea
Page 7:
TABLE DES MATIÈRES Page INTRODUCTI
Page 10 and 11:
CHAPITRE 1. - DESSALEMENT DE L’EA
Page 12 and 13:
FIGURE 2 POPULATION MONDIALE ET POP
Page 14 and 15:
Année de référence 6 Projections
Page 16 and 17:
Énergie Freshwater Eau salée 8 Sa
Page 18 and 19:
FIGURE 4 SECTION CHAUFFAGE SECTION
Page 20 and 21: FIGURE 6 Vapeur Une fraction de la
Page 22 and 23: FIGURE 7 CIRCUIT EAU D'ALIMENTATION
Page 24 and 25: FIGURE 9 Schéma de fonctionnement
Page 26 and 27: Une option qui sera à envisager de
Page 28 and 29: Pays Tableau 2 Capacité de product
Page 30 and 31: Malte a été le premier pays médi
Page 32 and 33: Fig. 12. Capacité de production (m
Page 34 and 35: Tableau 4 Capacité de production(m
Page 36 and 37: Fig. 14. Capacité totale de produc
Page 38 and 39: Type OI MSF VC ME & ED Total Année
Page 40 and 41: Fig. 15. Capacité de production (m
Page 42 and 43: Comme il ressort de la figure 18, d
Page 44 and 45: Fig. 17 Volume d’eau de mer dessa
Page 46 and 47: Fig. 19. Capacités et nombre d’u
Page 48 and 49: CHAPITRE 3. - LES IMPACTS SUR L’E
Page 50 and 51: présence de certains métaux, qui
Page 52 and 53: n’adhère pas ou ne se développe
Page 54 and 55: Tableau 14 Composition chimique de
Page 56 and 57: Tableau 16 Grille d’impacts néfa
Page 58 and 59: Une étude d’impact sur l’envir
Page 60 and 61: salinité (contenu en sels plus él
Page 62 and 63: les dommages étaient provoqués pa
Page 64 and 65: CHAPITRE 4. - LES ASPECTS JURIDIQUE
Page 66 and 67: c) Phase de post-traitement Le reje
Page 68 and 69: CHAPITRE 5. - CONCLUSIONS La progre
Page 72 and 73: (40) Zimmerman, R. (1996), Dhekelia
Page 74 and 75: Pays Emplacement Capacité m 3 /jou
Page 80 and 81: a) Procédé: ANNEXE II TABLE DES A
Page 83: TABLE DES MATIERES 1. INTRODUCTION
Page 86 and 87: compte aussi des dispositions du Pr
Page 88 and 89: le dessalement peut avoir des effet
Page 90 and 91: visés par l’annexe II du Protoco
Page 92 and 93: dans la section A de l’annexe I,
Page 94 and 95: Tableau 3-2: Substances chimiques d
Page 96 and 97: Tableau 3-4: Substances chimiques d
Page 98 and 99: exigent un matériel lourd qui prod
Page 100 and 101: Les usines de dessalement peuvent
Page 102 and 103: de plus de 10°C celle du milieu am
Page 104 and 105: Des agents antitartre sont ajoutés
Page 106 and 107: Impacts potentiels. L’eau de mer
Page 108 and 109: propagation du panache de rejet pou
Page 110 and 111: Figure 4-1: Estimation des rejets d
Page 112 and 113: Tableau 4-1: Demande d’eau par se
Page 114 and 115: considérablement abaissés. Ainsi,
Page 116 and 117: les courants, si bien que les tenda
Page 118 and 119: 34 v. procédure d’exploitation e
Page 120 and 121:
36 usines modernes, et la chloratio
Page 122 and 123:
adaptés aux spécificités de chaq
Page 124 and 125:
7 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES Agend
Page 127 and 128:
LIST OF MAP TECHNICAL SERIES REPORT
Page 129 and 130:
MTS 104. UNEP/FAO: Final reports on
Page 131 and 132:
MTS 66. UNEP/CRU: Regional Changes
Page 133 and 134:
MTS 34. UNEP/FAO/WHO: Assessment of
Page 135:
MTS 5. (*) UNEP/FAO: Research on th
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