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-rendement TT+ PMCF (u.r.) Congrès International sur l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie Lille, Novembre 2011 Optimiseur Paramètres de conception Modèle multidisciplinaire Pertes + masses matériaux Modèle environnemental linéaire (EIME) 11 impacts Méthode d’agrégation IE2002+ Impact 2002+ Figure 12 : démarche Température, d’écoconception masse, rendement des … produits ferroviaires -0.98 -0.985 -0.99 front de Pareto PMCF+TT existant TT 3. Conclusion Figure 13 : ensemble de compromis trouvé par l’optimisation pour un transformateur de traction Dans cette étude nous avons présenté les problèmes rencontrés dans l’écoconception et l’ACV. Face à ces problèmes, nous avons proposé des solutions qui permettent d’alléger la tâche du concepteur par une démarche d’écoconception. L’amélioration de la performance environnementale est assuré par des algorithmes d’optimisation qui sont capables de fournir un ensemble de compromis entre les deux critères contradictoires : écologique et économique. Références [1] ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems. International Organization for Standardization, 1996. [2] Standard ISO 14040, October 2006. [3] Commission Regulation (EC) No 640/2009 of 22 July 2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for electric motors [4] O. Jolliet, M. Margni, R. Charles, S. Humbert, G. Payet, G. Rebitzer, R. Rosenbaum,“IMPACT 2002+: A New Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methodology ”, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, pp.324-330, 2003. Remerciements -0.995 -1 -1.005 -1.01 -1.015 -1.02 -1.025 -1.03 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 masse Transformateur Traction (TT) TTNG (u.r.) Ce travail est soutenu par MEDEE. MEDEE est cofinancé par l’Union Européenne. L'Europe est en action dans le Nord Pas-de-Calais avec le Fond européen de développement régional (FEDER). - 72 -
Congrès International sur l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie Lille, Novembre 2011 Eco-design of a railway traction chain Ramzi Ben Ayed*, Stéphane Brisset*, Véronique Andriès** *Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France *ECLille, L2EP, F-59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France **Alstom transport, rue Jacquard, 59494 Petite Forêt, France benayed.ramzi_ayed@ec-lille.fr, stephane.brisset@ec-lille.fr, veronique.andries@transport.alstom.com Section du CNU de rattachement : 63 1. Introduction With the introduction of different environmental standards and regulations like ISO 14001 [1], ISO 14040 [2] and the commission Regulation EC N° 640/2009 [3], industrial concerns are more and more oriented to the design of green products. 2. Eco-design Ecodesign is an approach that allows the consideration and the minimization of an environmental criterion during the design steps. In literature the environmental criterion can be assessed by several tools. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is among the most widely used. 2.1 Life cycle assessment LCA is a preventive approach that takes into account the full life cycle of the product (from raw material extraction to end of life) and, the all environmental criteria (raw material depletion, water depletion, energy depletion, toxicity of water and air, hazardous waste production...). The LCA can be used in identifying the main environmental impacts and integrating them in earlier stage of the design process. 2.2 Problems In a study that aims to improve the environmental performance of a railway traction chain, two challenges were taken up. The first one is to control costs while saving functional and technical performance of rolling stock. The second challenge is to achieve an eco-design of the railway traction chain. Based on the LCA, this work is difficult because many materials are used in the process of manufacturing and as consequence a lot of energy is consumed. To overcome these difficulties, effective solutions are proposed. 2.3 Proposed solutions To reduce the amount of time required for the LCA of the railway traction chain, it is judicious to use environmental management software such as EIME® which helped us to build an environmental model. This model calculates 11 environmental indicators such as global warming, destruction of the ozone layer, water eutrophication, toxicity of air and water, etc. Then these impacts indicators are aggregated by the Impact 2002+ method [4] to achieve a single environmental indicator IE2002+. This indicator simplifies the comparison of environmental performance and also the minimization of environmental impacts using an optimization algorithm. This approach is shown in Figure 1. Optimizer Design parameters Multidisciplinary model lossess + material mass Environmental model (EIME) 11 impacts indicators Aggregation method IE2002+ Impact 2002+ Figure 14 : ecodesign Temperature, process mass, efficiency of railway … traction components The minimization of impacts may leads to the deterioration of performance and / or the rise of costs. To solve this problem, optimization techniques are used. They are able to find a set of trade-offs between these conflicting criteria and ensure that obtained solutions have better performance (at least the - 73 -
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