Book Fauna Palaestina 4 Year 2014 By Prof Dr Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa ISBN 978-9950-383-77-7

species. The most frequent type is characterized by an angle of 70
to 90 degrees between the outhermost digits. The length of these
digits is 18-20 cm while the length of the middle digit (III) is 24-27
cm (Avnimelech and Bervoets; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).
The length and thickness of the tracks vary with the heaviness of
tread and the properties of the soil. A round or rectangular
depression was formed at the place where the digits were joined:
it is bulb-shaped and is evidently the imprint of a tarsal bone or
bones. The outhermost digits of the second type make a broad arc
with their base, giving the footprints the shape of an anchor; and
in this type the length of the central digit is as with the first 40 to
50% greater than that of the outhermost digits (Avnimelech and
Bervoets; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).
The third type differs from the first and second in that the base of
the digits is almost straight. It is however, possible that this is
only accidental, and can be attributed to the mode of the tread.
Several isolated tracks with digits of almost equal length are
totally different. The digits are splayed out at an angle of nearly
120 degrees; the external ones are bent out to form a smooth arc.
These tracks are probably of the fore-limb, which may explain
their rarity. Tracks of different times of passage are also
distinguishable: the earlier are blurred, as they were subsequently
covered by a thin layer of new sediment (Avnimelech and
Bervoets; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).
There are several 10-15 meter long rows of tracks which are made
up of 15 to 20 footprints, and other shorter rows, only 3 to 4 meter
long, consisting of no more than 4 to 6. In general, the direction of
the long rows of tracks which are more prominent than the short
ones - is from south to north or north to south, whereas the
direction of the shorter rows is commonly from northeast to
southwest or vice versa. Only few of the very shortest rows run
approximately east-west or west-east. In the area, it is possible to
make out three long rows which trend north-south, more than a
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