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486 Litteraturgranskningar achieved through contrasting their values and attitudes with democratic ideals, but certainly we can also contrast it with other ideals, such as authoritarian, romantic or militarized ideals. Understanding the transformation of politics, in particular related to former rebels, in post-war settings is crucial for facilitat- ing both peacebuilding and democratization processes. Here, Professor Lyons and myself share an interest which I hope we will have the opportunity to continue to discuss in the coming years. References Blattman, Christopher & Annan, Jeannie, 2009. ”Child combatants in northern Uganda: reintegration myths and realities”, p 103–125 in Muggah, Robert (ed), Security and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Dealing with Fighters in the Aftermath of War. London & New York: Routledge. Bøås, Morten & Bjørkhaug, Ingunn, 2010. ”DDRed in Liberia: Youth Remarginalisation or Reintegration?”, MICROCON Research Working Paper 28. Greenstein, Lewis J, 1978. ”Impact of Military Service in World-War-I on Africans – Nandi of Kenya”, Journal of Modern African Studies, 16(3), p 495–507. Jennings, M. Kent, & Markus, Gregory, 1977. ”The Effect of Military Service on Political Attitudes: A Panel Study”, The American Political Science Review, 71(1), p 131–147. Kingma, Kees, 2002. ”Demobilization, Reintegration and Peacebuilding in Africa.” p 181–201 in Newman, Edward & Schnabel, Albrecht (eds), Recovering from civil conflict: reconciliation, peace and development. London & Portland, Or: Frank Cass. Maclay, Christopher & Özerdem, Alpaslan, 2010. ”’Use’ Them or ’Lose’ Them: Engaging Liberia’s Disconnected Youth through Socio-political Integration”, International Peacekeeping 17(3), p 343–360. Mitton, Kieran, 2009. ”Engaging with disengagement: The political reintegration of Sierra Leone’s Revolutionary United Front”, in Berdal, Mats & Ucko, David H (eds), Reintegrating Armed Groups After Conflict: Politics, violence and transition. London & New York: Routledge. Teigen, Jeremy M, 2006. ”Enduring effects of the uniform: Previous military experience Statsvetenskaplig tidskrift · Årgång 114 · 2012 / 3 and voting turnout”, Political Research Quarterly 59(4), p 601–607. Johanna Söderström is currently a visiting post-doc at the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) in Bergen, and a researcher at the Nordic Africa Institute (NAI) and the Department of Government, Uppsala University. E-mail: johanna.soderstrom@statsvet.uu.se. Engvall, Johan, 2011. The State as Investment Market: An Analytical Framework for Interpreting Politics and Bureaucracy in Kyrgyzstan. Anmälan av Henry E. Hale How should we understand the state? This question has been widely addressed for West- ern countries, but we know much less about what it is that we usually call “the state” once we travel east or south. Johan Engvall has written and defended an important dissertation addressing this question with respect to Kyrgyzstan, arguing that here and in similar countries, we can usefully understand the state as a kind of “investment market”. This original proposition is sure to advance not only our understanding of post-communist transition, but to spark debate among theo- rists on the nature of the state and how best to understand the relationship between formal and informal authority, between states and markets, and between corruption and transi- tions from authoritarian to democratic rule. Engvall begins by noting that standard treatments of the state found in the theo- retical literature do not fit well with reality in Kyrgyzstan, a small remote country bor- dering China in post-Soviet Central Asia. It cannot be called a modern state, as recruitment into state offices is clearly not carried out according to merit. It sits uneasily with standard descriptions of the Soviet state since Kyrgyzstan’s state is not all-encompassing. Examination of African states suggests the possibility of a “shadow” state dominated by clan and tribe, but Engvall shows that Kyr- gyzstan’s state involved far more than this.
The model Engvall advances is compel- ling, the idea that a state can itself be a kind of investment market. Specifically, he argues that access to state office is frequently deter- mined not by merit or personal or clan con- nections, but instead by actual financial payment. Office typically goes to the highest bidder. Families and clans do play important roles, but these roles are primarily ones of mediating the process. That is, families and clans frequently facilitate access to the bid- ding process or act as a kind of filter regarding who gets to bid without being able to monop- olize the process or prevent the highest bidder from taking the job. The crux of Engvall’s insight is that this payment is not simply a bribe, but actually constitutes a form of investment. Would-be officials buy offices to secure not just a sin- gle service or favor, as would be the case with a simple bribe, but to obtain access to a stream of income associated with an office for a particular period of time, not always clearly specified. Needless to say for those who know Kyrgyzstan, this stream of income is not so much the miserly official salary that the state provides, but the opportunity to use one’s position to extract various kinds of rents. Office also comes with obligations, however, as Engvall shows that officials typically need to pay regular “fees” to superiors in the state hierarchy. The state, therefore, constitutes essentially a market where access to rent-seeking opportunities is auctioned off. This has many implications for how we understand the behavior of the state. For one thing, it implies that state officials are primarily engaged in making money for themselves, for their families, and for their bosses. Since the purchased opportunities do not last for- ever, and indeed Engvall finds that turnover is fairly rapid, Kyrgyzstan’s investors in the state tend to have short time horizons, seeking to steal as much as they can while they have the opportunity to do so, making sure to make good on their investment. Needless to say, this has extremely negative Litteraturgranskningar 487 impacts on governance. Kyrgyzstan’s citizens must deal with a state that is highly corrupt, provides public goods only at a low level, and privileges the wealthy in providing access to actual goods and services. It also facilitates political instability; this happens not only by creating popular dissatisfaction and cynicism, but also by creating a situation in which once the state starts restricting access to the bid- ding to too narrow a circle, other actors who want in tend to resort to violence. Engvall’s research is impressive. He focuses on what he calls the “core of the state” in Kyrgyzstan, looking at the cases of taxation, enforcement, and the judiciary, as well as considering the sphere of education. It is based on a year and a half spent on the ground in Kyrgyzstan – clearly, Engvall knows this country well. He has interviewed doz- ens of participants and experts and draws on a wide variety of documents and texts, each of which requires sophisticated reading since this is a secret investment market, even though it is the kind of secret that is widely understood to exist. In terms of structure, the dissertation begins with a chapter on theory, then describes and defends the chosen method before giving a brief history of Kyrgyzstan. It then presents successive chapters on market access (recruitment to the state), motives for buying public office, how investors get their return, and implications for market stability and instability. The concluding chapter com- pares Kyrgyzstan with Georgia, which had a remarkably similar “investment market state” prior to reforms initiated shortly after its 2003 Rose Revolution. This dissertation is sure to make a mark, and indeed already appears to have done so in Kyrgyzstan itself, where the recently elected President Almazbek Atambaev pub- licly referred to a Swedish doctoral dissertation documenting the systemic nature of corruption in Kyrgyzstan, indicating both a dire need to reform and that this would take
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Statsvetenskaplig tidskrift Årgån
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Innehåll 2012 / 3 Uppsatser Paul T
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Tema: Politik och litteratur Detta
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Litterära politikerliv 333 Bonnier
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