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cos(π − α) = − cos(α)<br />

π/4<br />

−π/4<br />

sin 2 2θ dθ = 2<br />

= 2<br />

π/4<br />

0<br />

π/4<br />

2a 2 <br />

0<br />

sin 2 2θ dθ = 2<br />

π/4<br />

cos 2 (π − 2θ) dθ = 2<br />

0<br />

cos 2 (π − 2θ) dθ<br />

π/4<br />

0<br />

cos 2 (2θ) dθ =<br />

π/4<br />

−π/4<br />

cos 2 2θ dθ.<br />

a > 0 <br />

ρ(θ) = a(1 + cos θ).<br />

ρ(0) = ρ(2π) γ <br />

C <br />

<br />

A = dx dy.<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

(P (x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy) =<br />

γ<br />

C<br />

C<br />

∂Q<br />

∂x<br />

<br />

∂P<br />

− dxdy,<br />

∂y<br />

P : R 2 → R Q : R 2 → R <br />

C<br />

P Q A <br />

Q(x, y) = x P (x, y) = 0 x(θ) = ρ(θ) cos θ<br />

y(θ) = ρ(θ) sin θ <br />

2π<br />

A = x dy = ρ(θ) cos θ ·<br />

= a 2<br />

= a 2<br />

= a 2<br />

= a 2<br />

= a2<br />

8<br />

= a2<br />

4<br />

γ<br />

2π<br />

0<br />

2π<br />

0<br />

(1 + cos θ) cos θ ·<br />

(1 + cos θ) 2 cos 2 θ dθ − a 2<br />

2π<br />

<br />

ρ ′ <br />

(θ) sin θ + ρ(θ) cos θ dθ<br />

<br />

− sin 2 <br />

θ + (1 + cos θ) cos θ dθ<br />

sin 2 θ(1 + cos θ) cos θ dθ<br />

0<br />

2π<br />

0<br />

cos<br />

0<br />

2 θ + cos 4 θ + 2 cos 3 θ − (cos θ − cos 3 θ − cos 4 θ + cos 2 θ) dθ<br />

2π<br />

4<br />

eiθ + e−iθ 2 cos 4 θ + 3 cos 3 θ − cos θ dθ = 2a 2<br />

2π<br />

0<br />

2π<br />

(e<br />

0<br />

2iθ + e −2iθ + 2) 2 dθ = a2<br />

8<br />

2π<br />

0<br />

(cos 4θ + 4 cos 2θ + 3) dθ = 3πa2<br />

2 ,<br />

cos 4 θ dθ = 2a 2<br />

2π<br />

0<br />

0<br />

2π<br />

(e<br />

0<br />

4iθ + e −4iθ + 4 + 2 + 4e 2iθ + 4e −2iθ ) dθ<br />

(a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc 3πa 2 /2<br />

2<br />

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